Trpv1 antagonists including dihydroxy substituent and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to Compounds of Formula (I) 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where R 1 , R 4 , R 8 , R 9 , and m are as defined herein, compositions comprising an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, and methods for treating or preventing a condition such as pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, and IBS, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

1. FIELD

The disclosure relates to Compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, compositions comprising an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) and methods for treating or preventing a condition such as pain, e.g., pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, and IBS, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I).

2. BACKGROUND

Pain is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical advice and treatment. Pain can be acute or chronic. While acute pain is usually self-limited, chronic pain persists for three months or longer and can lead to significant changes in a patient's personality, lifestyle, functional ability and overall quality of life (Foley, “Pain,” in Cecil Textbook of Medicine, pp. 100-107 (Bennett and Plum eds., 20th ed. 1996)).

Moreover, chronic pain can be classified as either nociceptive or neuropathic. Nociceptive pain includes tissue injury-induced pain and inflammatory pain such as that associated with arthritis. Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to the peripheral or central nervous system and is maintained by aberrant somatosensory processing. There is a large body of evidence relating activity at vanilloid receptors (Di Marzo et al., “Endovanilloid signaling in pain,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12:372-379 (2002)) to pain processing.

Nociceptive pain has been traditionally managed by administering non-opioid analgesics, such as acetylsalicylic acid, choline magnesium trisalicylate, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, fenoprofen, diflusinal, and naproxen; or opioid analgesics, including morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, levorphanol, fentanyl, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. Id. In addition to the above-listed treatments, neuropathic pain, which can be difficult to treat, has also been treated with anti-epileptics (e.g., gabapentin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, topiramate, phenytoin), NMDA antagonists (e.g., ketamine, dextromethorphan), topical lidocaine (for post-herpetic neuralgia), and tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline and amitriptyline).

UI is uncontrollable urination, generally caused by bladder-detrusor-muscle instability. UI affects people of all ages and levels of physical health, both in health care settings and in the community at large. Physiologic bladder contraction results in large part from acetylcholine-induced stimulation of post-ganglionic muscarinic-receptor sites on bladder smooth muscle. Treatments for UI include the administration of drugs having bladder-relaxant properties, which help to control bladder-detrusor-muscle overactivity.

None of the existing commercial drug treatments for UI has achieved complete success in all classes of UI patients, nor has treatment occurred without significant adverse side effects.

Treatment of ulcers often involves reducing or inhibiting the aggressive factors. For example, antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium bicarbonate can be used to neutralize stomach acids. Antacids, however, can cause alkalosis, leading to nausea, headache, and weakness. Antacids can also interfere with the absorption of other drugs into the blood stream and cause diarrhea.

H₂ antagonists, such as cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine, are also used to treat ulcers. H₂ antagonists promote ulcer healing by reducing gastric acid and digestive-enzyme secretion elicited by histamine and other H₂ agonists in the stomach and duodenum. H₂ antagonists, however, can cause breast enlargement and impotence in men, mental changes (especially in the elderly), headache, dizziness, nausea, myalgia, diarrhea, rash, and fever.

H⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitors such as omeprazole and lansoprazole are also used to treat ulcers. H⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitors inhibit the production of enzymes used by the stomach to secrete acid. Side effects associated with H⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitors include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal colic, headache, dizziness, somnolence, skin rashes, and transient elevations of plasma activities of aminotransferases.

Inflammatory-bowel disease (“IBD”) is a chronic disorder in which the bowel becomes inflamed, often causing recurring abdominal cramps and diarrhea. The two types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Crohn's disease, which can include regional enteritis, granulomatous ileitis, and ileocolitis, is a chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall. Crohn's disease occurs equally in both sexes and is more common in Jews of eastern-European ancestry. Most cases of Crohn's disease begin before age 30 and the majority start between the ages of 14 and 24. The disease often affects the full thickness of the intestinal wall. Generally the disease affects the lowest portion of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine, but can occur in any part of the digestive tract.

Cramps and diarrhea, side effects associated with Crohn's disease, can be relieved by anticholinergic drugs, diphenoxylate, loperamide, deodorized opium tincture, or codeine.

When Crohn's disease causes the intestine to be obstructed or when abscesses or fistulas do not heal, surgery can be necessary to remove diseased sections of the intestine. Surgery, however, does not cure the disease, and inflammation tends to recur where the intestine is rejoined. In almost half of the cases a second operation is needed. Berkow et al., eds., “Crohn's Disease,” Merck Manual of Medical Information, pp. 528-530 (1997).

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease in which the large intestine becomes inflamed and ulcerated, leading to episodes of bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Ulcerative colitis usually begins between ages 15 and 30; however, a small group of people have their first attack between ages 50 and 70. Unlike Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis never affects the small intestine and does not affect the full thickness of the intestine. The disease usually begins in the rectum and the sigmoid colon and eventually spreads partially or completely throughout the large intestine. The cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown.

Treatment of ulcerative colitis is directed to controlling inflammation, reducing symptoms, and replacing lost fluids and nutrients. Anticholinergic drugs and low doses of diphenoxylate or loperamide are administered for treating mild diarrhea. For more intense diarrhea higher doses of diphenoxylate or loperamide, or deodorized opium tincture or codeine are administered.

Irritable-bowel syndrome (“IBS”) is a disorder of motility of the entire gastrointestinal tract, causing abdominal pain, constipation, and/or diarrhea. IBS affects three-times more women than men. In IBS, stimuli such as stress, diet, drugs, hormones, or irritants can cause the gastrointestinal tract to contract abnormally. During an episode of IBS, contractions of the gastrointestinal tract become stronger and more frequent, resulting in the rapid transit of food and feces through the small intestine, often leading to diarrhea. Cramps result from the strong contractions of the large intestine and increased sensitivity of pain receptors in the large intestine.

Treatment of IBS often involves modification of an IBS-patient's diet. Often it is recommended that an IBS patient avoid beans, cabbage, sorbitol, and fructose. A low-fat, high-fiber diet can also help some IBS patients. Regular physical activity can also help keep the gastrointestinal tract functioning properly. Drugs such as propantheline that slow the function of the gastrointestinal tract are generally not effective for treating IBS. Antidiarrheal drugs, such as diphenoxylate and loperamide, help with diarrhea. Berkow et al., eds., “Irritable Bowel Syndrome,” Merck Manual of Medical Information, pp. 525-526 (1997).

International publication no. WO 98/31677 describes a class of aromatic amines derived from cyclic amines that are useful as antidepressant drugs. International publication no. WO 01/027107 describes a class of heterocyclic compounds that are sodium/proton exchange inhibitors. International publication no. WO 99/37304 describes substituted oxoazaheterocyclic compounds useful for inhibiting factor Xa. U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,756 to Anthony et al. and international publication no. WO 97/38665 describe a class of piperidine-containing compounds that inhibit farnesyl-protein transferase (Ftase). International publication no. WO 98/31669 describes a class of aromatic amines derived from cyclic amines useful as antidepressant drugs. International publication no. WO 97/28140 describes a class of piperidines derived from 1-(piperazin-1-yl)aryl(oxy/amino)carbonyl-4-aryl-piperidine that are useful as 5-HT_(IDb) receptor antagonists. International publication no. WO 97/38665 describes a class of piperidine containing compounds that are useful as inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,419 to Moos et al. describes a class of urea compounds for stimulating the release of acetylcholine and useful for treating symptoms of senile cognitive decline. U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,889 to Anthony et al. describes a class of substituted piperidine compounds that are useful as inhibitors of farnesyl-protein transferase, and the farnesylation of the oncogene protein Ras. U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,129 to Cook et al. describes a class of dinitrogen heterocycles useful as antibiotics. U.S. Pat. No. 5,529,998 to Habich et al. describes a class of benzooxazolyl- and benzothiazolyloxazolidones useful as antibacterials.

International publication no. WO 01/57008 describes a class of 2-benzothiazolyl urea derivatives useful as inhibitors of serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases. International publication no. WO 02/08221 describes aryl piperazine compounds useful for treating chronic and acute pain conditions, itch, and urinary incontinence. International publication no. WO 00/59510 describes aminopyrimidines useful as sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors.

Japanese patent application no. 11-199573 to Kiyoshi et al. describes benzothiazole derivatives that are neuronal 5HT3 receptor agonists in the intestinal canal nervous system and useful for treating digestive disorders and pancreatic insufficiency. German patent application no 199 34 799 to Rainer et al. describes a chiral-smectic liquid crystal mixture containing compounds with 2 linked (hetero)aromatic rings or compounds with 3 linked (hetero)aromatic rings.

Chu-Moyer et al., J. Med. Chem. 45:511-528 (2002) describes heterocycle-substituted piperazino-pyrimidines useful as sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors. Khadse et al., Bull. Haff. Instt. 1(3):27-32 (1975) describes 2-(N⁴-substituted-N¹-piperazinyl) pyrido(3,2-d)thiazoles and 5-nitro-2-(N⁴-substituted-M-piperazinyl)benzthiazoles useful as anthelmintic agents.

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2004/0186111 A1 and International publication no. WO 2004/058754 A1 describe a class of compounds that are useful for treating pain. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2006/0199824 A1 and International publication no. WO 2005/009987 A1 describe a class of compounds that are useful for treating pain. U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2006/0128717 A1 and International publication no. WO 2005/009988 A1 describe a class of compounds that are useful for treating pain. U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. US 2009/0170867 A1, US 2009/0170868 A1, and 2009/0176796 A1 and International publication no. WO 2008/132600 A2 describe a class of compounds that are useful for treating pain.

There remains, however, a clear need in the art for new drugs useful for treating or preventing pain, e.g., pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, and IBS. Citation of any reference in Section 2 of this application is not to be construed as an admission that such reference is prior art to the present application.

3. SUMMARY

In a first aspect of the disclosure, new compounds that exhibit affinity for the TRPV1 receptor are described.

In some embodiments, such new compounds exhibit antagonist activity at the TRPV1 receptor. In other embodiments, such new compounds exhibit partial antagonist activity at the TRPV1 receptor.

Certain new compounds of the disclosure can be used to treat an animal suffering from pain, e.g., chronic or acute pain.

In another aspect of the disclosure, methods of treating chronic or acute pain in an animal by administering one or more Compounds of Formula (I) to an animal in need of such treatment are described. In certain embodiments, such new Compounds of Formula (I) effectively treat chronic or acute pain in the animal, while producing fewer or reduced side effects compared to previously available compounds.

Compounds of Formula (I) are herein disclosed:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, where:

R₁ is -halo or —CF₃;

R₄ is —H or —CH₃;

each R₈ and R₉ is independently —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OR₁₀;

R₁₀ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl;

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; and

m is the integer 0 or 1;

(1) provided that if R₄ is —H then m is 1; and

(2) provided that if R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment in connection with a Compound of Formula (I), it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group;

(4) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and/or

(5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

Compounds of Formula (I) are potent at TRPV1 receptors, and are soluble in aqueous solutions at either pH 6.8 or pH 1.2.

A Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, is useful for treating or preventing pain, e.g., pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS (each being a “Condition”) in an animal.

The disclosure also relates to compositions comprising an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The compositions are useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal.

The disclosure further relates to methods for treating a Condition comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

The disclosure further relates to a Compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, a composition containing a Compound of Formula (I), and/or a composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (I) for use in the treatment of pain, e.g., pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal.

The disclosure further relates to use of a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating and/or preventing a Condition, such as pain and/or osteoarthritis. The disclosure further relates to a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, for use in the treatment and/or prevention of a Condition, such as pain and/or osteoarthritis.

The disclosure further relates to methods for preventing a Condition comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

The disclosure still further relates to methods for inhibiting Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (“TRPV1,” formerly known as Vanilloid Receptor 1 or VR1) function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

The disclosure still further relates to a method for preparing a composition comprising the step of admixing a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

The disclosure still further relates to a kit comprising a container containing an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

In one embodiment, preferred Compounds of Formula (I) are Compounds of Formula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, where:

R₄ is —H or —CH₃;

R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃;

R₉ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃; and

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

(1) provided that if R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment in connection with a Compound of Formula (II), it is further provided that:

(2) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group;

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and/or

(4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

Many Compounds of Formula (II) are soluble, in some cases highly soluble, in aqueous solutions at either pH 6.8 or pH 1.2, are potent at TRPV1 receptors, are orally bioavailable, have a good therapeutic index, and are believed to be highly efficacious in animals for the treatment of pain and/or osteoarthritis. Moreover, Compounds of Formula (II) are capable of ameliorating undesirable side effects, such as an increase in body temperature that can occur upon in vivo administration of some compounds which modulate the TRPV1 receptor.

The disclosure can be understood more fully by reference to the following detailed description and illustrative examples, which are intended to exemplify non-limiting embodiments of the disclosure.

3.1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the PXRD pattern (CuKα radiation) of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid.

FIG. 2 depicts ¹⁵N NMR CP/MAS spectra of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid, the dihydrochloride-salt of Compound A155(a) and the free base of Compound A155(a).

FIG. 3 depicts the ¹³C NMR CP/MAS spectrum of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid.

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention includes the following:

(1.) A Compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein:

R₁ is -halo or —CF₃;

R₄ is —H or —CH₃;

each R₈ and R₉ is independently —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OR₁₀;

R₁₀ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl;

each halo is independently —F, —Br, or —I; and

m is the integer 0 or 1;

-   -   (1) provided that if R₄ is —H then m is 1; and     -   (2) provided that if R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a         position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, then the         methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl         group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

(2.) The compound of the above (1.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein it is further provided that:

-   -   (3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b         bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo,         then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a         (R)-3-methyl group;     -   (4) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b         bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then         the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl         group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and/or     -   (5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of         the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration,         R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded         to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl         group.

(3.) The compound of the above (1.) or (2.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃.

(4.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (3.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₁ is —F.

(5.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (4.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₁₀ is —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃.

(6.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (5.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₁₀ is —CH₂CH₃.

(7.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (6.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

(8.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (7.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

(9.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (8.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

(10.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (9.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₉ is —H.

(11.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (10.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

(12.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (10.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

(13.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (10.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

(14.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (10.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

(15.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (14.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein m is 1 and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group.

(16.) The compound of the above (1.) to (15.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, radiolabeled form, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof.

(17.) The compound of the above (15.) or (16.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a hydrochloride salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, a fumaric acid-salt, or a fumarate co-crystal.

(18.) The compound of any one of the above (15.) to (16.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof.

(19.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (12.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein m is 0.

(20.) The compound of the above (19.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, radiolabeled form, or a hydrochlorate, tartrate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, or fumarate co-crystal.

(21.) The compound of the above (19.) or (20.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a hydrochloride salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, a fumaric acid-salt, or a fumarate co-crystal.

(22.) The compound of the above (19.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof.

(23.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (8.), (11.), or (19.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(24.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (3.), (5.) to (8.), (11.), or (19.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(25.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (8.), (11.), or (19.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(26.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (9.), (11.), or (19.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(27.) The compound of any one of the above (23.) to (26.), which is a free base.

(28.) The compound of any one of the above (23.) to (26.), which is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof.

(29.) A composition comprising the compound of any one of the above (1.) to (28.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

(30.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (1.) to (28.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(31.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (1.) to (28.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(32.) A method for treating pain, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (1.) to (28.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(33.) A method for treating pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (1.) to (28.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(34.) A method of inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (1.) to (28.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(35.) The product of combining the compound of any one of the above (1.) to (28.) with fumaric acid, where the molar ratio in the product is about 1:0.5 of (the Compound of Formula (I)):(fumaric acid).

(36.) A composition comprising the product of the above (35.) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

(37.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the product of the above (35.).

(38.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the product of the above (35.).

(39.) A method for treating pain, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the product of the above (35.).

(40.) A method for treating pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the product of the above (35.).

(41.) A method of inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of the product of the above (35.).

(42.) The compound of any one of the above (1.), (4.), (6.), or (8.), which is a compound of formula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; wherein:

R₄ is —H or —CH₃;

R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃;

R₉ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃; and

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

-   -   (1) provided that if R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a         position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, then the         methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl         group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

(43.) The compound of the above (42.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein it is further provided that:

-   -   (2) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b         bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo,         then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a         (R)-3-methyl group;     -   (3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b         bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then         the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl         group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and/or     -   (4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of         the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration,         R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the         piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

(44.) The compound of the above (42.) or (43.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

(45.) The compound of the above (42.) or (43.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

(46.) The compound of the above (42.) or (43.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

(47.) The compound of the above (42.) or (43.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

(48.) The compound of any one of the above (42.) to (47.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group.

(49.) The compound of the above (48.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₉ is —H.

(50.) The compound of the above (48.) or (49.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₈ is —F.

(51.) The compound of any one of the above (48.) to (50.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a fumarate co-crystal.

(52.) The compound of any one of the above (48.) to (51.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a hydrochloride salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, a fumaric acid-salt, or a fumarate co-crystal.

(53.) The compound of any one of the above (48.) to (50.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof.

(54.) The compound of any one of the above (42.) to (47.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group.

(55.) The compound of the above (54.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₉ is —H.

(56.) The compound of the above (54.) or (55.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₈ is —F.

(57.) The compound of any one of the above (54.) to (56.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a fumarate co-crystal.

(58.) The compound of any one of the above (54.) to (57.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a hydrochloride salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, a fumaric acid-salt, or a fumarate co-crystal.

(59.) The compound of any one of the above (54.) to (56.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof.

(60.) The compound of any one of the above (42.) to (47.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group.

(61.) The compound of the above (60.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₉ is —H.

(62.) The compound of the above (60.) or (61.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein R₈ is —F.

(63.) The compound of any one of the above (60.) to (62.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a fumarate co-crystal.

(64.) The compound of any one of the above (60.) to (63.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a hydrochloride salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, a p-toluenesulfonic acid salt, a fumaric acid-salt, or a fumarate co-crystal.

(65.) The compound of any one of the above (60.) to (62.), wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof.

(66.) The compound of any one of the above (42.), (43.), (46.), (54.), (55.), or (57.) to (59.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(67.) The compound of any one of the above (42.) to (44.), (60.), or (62.) to (65.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(68.) The compound of any one of the above (42.), (43.), (47.), or (54.) to (59.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(69.) The compound of any one of the above (42.), (43.), (46.), or (54.) to (59.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(70.) The compound of any one of the above (42.), (43.), (46.), (54.), or (57.) to (59.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(71.) The compound of any one of the above (42.), (43.), or (47) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(72.) The compound of any one of the above (42.), (43.), (46.), (54.), or (56.) to (59.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(73.) The compound of any one of the above (42.), (43.), (46.), (60.), or (63.) to (65.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, which is

(74.) The compound of any one of the above (66.) to (73.), which is a free base.

(75.) The compound of any one of the above (66.) to (73.), which is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof.

(76.) A composition comprising the compound of any one of the above (42.) to (75.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

(77.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (42.) to (75.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(78.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (42.) to (75.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(79.) A method for treating pain, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (42.) to (75.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(80.) A method for treating pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (42.) to (75.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(81.) A method of inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of the compound of any one of the above (42.) to (75.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(82.) The product of combining the compound of any one of the above (42.) to (74.) with fumaric acid, where the molar ratio in the product is about 1:0.5 of (the Compound of Formula (I)):(fumaric acid).

(83.) A composition comprising the product of the above (82.) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

(84.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the product of the above (82.).

(85.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the product of the above (82.).

(86.) A method for treating pain, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the product of the above (82.).

(87.) A method for treating pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the product of the above (82.).

(88.) A method of inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of the product of the above (82.).

(89.) A compound which is

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(90.) A composition comprising the compound of the above (89.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

(91.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of the above (89.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(92.) A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of the above (89.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(93.) A method for treating pain, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of the above (89.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(94.) A method for treating pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of the above (89.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(95.) A method of inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of the compound of the above (89.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

(96.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (95.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the % ee of the compound is at least about 90%.

(97.) The compound of any one of the above (1.) to (96.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, wherein the % ee of the compound is at least about 93%.

(98.) A compound, product or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof or composition of any one of the above (1.) to (29.), (35.), (36.), (42.) to (76.), (82.), (83.), (89.), (90.), (96.), or (97.) for use in the treatment of pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal.

(99.) A compound, product or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof or composition of any one of the above (1.) to (29.), (35.), (36.), (42.) to (76.), (82.), (83.), (89.), (90.), or (96.) to (98.) for use in the treatment of pain in an animal.

(100.) A compound, product or composition of any one of the above (1.) to (29.), (35.), (36.), (42.) to (76.), (82.), (83.), (89.), (90.), or (96.) to (98.) for use in the treatment of pain associated with osteoarthritis in an animal.

(101.) A compound, product or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof or composition of any one of the above (1.) to (29.), (35.), (36.), (42.) to (76.), (82.), (83.), (89.), (90.), or (96.) to (98.) for use in the treatment of osteoarthritis in an animal.

(102.) Use of a compound, product or composition of any one of the above (1.) to (29.), (35.), (36.), (42.) to (76.), (82.), (83.), (89.), (90.), or (96.) to (98.) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS

4.1 COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA (I)

The disclosure encompasses Compounds of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof,

(1) provided that if R₄ is —H then m is 1, and

(2) provided that if R₄ is —H and the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group,

where R₁, R₄, R₈, R₉, and m are as defined above for Compounds of Formula (I).

Certain embodiments of formula (I) are presented below.

In one embodiment, a Compound of Formula (I) is a free base.

In another embodiment, a Compound of Formula (I) is a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (I) is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (I) is a fumaric acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (I) is a fumaric acid-salt where the molar ratio of the Compound of Formula (I):fumaric acid is about 1:0.5.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (I) is a co-crystal. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (I) is a fumarate co-crystal. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (I) is a fumarate co-crystal where the molar ratio of the Compound of Formula (I):fumarate is about 1:0.5.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (I) is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the molar ratio of the Compound of Formula (I):(fumaric acid and/or fumarate) is about I:0.5.

Other embodiments relate to the product of combining a Compound of Formula (I) with fumaric acid, where the molar ratio in the product is about 1:0.5 of (the Compound of Formula (I)):(fumaric acid); a composition comprising that product and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient; a method for treating pain, e.g., pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of that product; and a method of inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of that product.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(4) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group; and (4) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group; and

(5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(4) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and

(5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group;

(4) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and

(5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group; and

(5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(4) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and

(5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group;

(4) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and

(5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F, —Cl, —Br, or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Br.

In another embodiment, R₁₀ is —CH₃ or —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁₀ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁₀ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H or —F.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —F or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —Cl or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃ and R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —C(O)OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl, R₈ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F, and R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H and R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H and R₁ is —F or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and R₁ is —F or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H and R₁ is —F or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and R₁ is —F or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and m is 0.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃ and m is 0.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H and m is 1.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and m is 1.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, and m is 1

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, and m is 1

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, and m is 0.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, and m is 1

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, and m is 1

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, and m is 0.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, and m is 1

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, and m is 1

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —Cl, and m is 0.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —Cl, and m is 1

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —Cl, and m is 1

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl, and m is 0.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —Cl, and m is 1.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is Cl, and m is 1.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —CF₃, and m is 0.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —CF₃, and m is 1.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —CF₃, and m is 1.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —Cl, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —Cl, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —Cl, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —Cl, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —F or —Cl, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —Cl, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, R₁ is —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —Cl, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —Cl, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —Cl, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is Cl, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —CF₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —Cl, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —Cl, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —F or —Cl, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —Cl, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is Cl, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —CF₃, m is 0, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, R₁ is —CF₃, m is 1, and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group.

Aqueous solubility of compounds is often a desirable feature. For example, aqueous solubility of a compound permits that compound to be more easily formulated into a variety of dosage forms that can be administered to an animal. When a compound is not fully soluble in biological fluids, e.g., blood, it can precipitate and the animal's exposure to the drug will accordingly not correspond to the administered dose. Aqueous solubility increases the likelihood that a compound will have higher dissolution and, for compounds with good permeability, it results in high exposure in an animal's blood, and increases the ability to predict exposure at the target sight of the compound.

Many Compounds of Formula (I) are soluble, and in some cases highly soluble, in aqueous solution. For example, at either pH 6.8 or pH 1.2, compound 200 is insoluble in aqueous solution, i.e., has an aqueous solubility <0.1 μM. In contrast, the aqueous solubility at pH 1.2 of the following Compounds of Formula (I) is >50 μM: A126(a), A155(a), A155(d), A155(e), A158(a), C125(r), and C126(r). The aqueous solubility at pH 6.8, in μM, of Compounds of Formula (I) A126(a), A155(a), A155(d), A155(e), A158(a), C125(r), and C126(r) is 14, 17, 4.0, 5.0, 5.0, 3.0, and 4.0, respectively. Additionally, the aqueous solubility at either pH 1.2 or pH 6.8 of Compound of Formula (I) A122(a) is >50 μM. The aqueous solubility, in μM, at pH 1.2 of compounds 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, and 215 is 9.3, 2.0, 1.3, 10.3, 39.6, >50 and 9.6, respectively. The following compounds are aqueous insoluble at pH 6.8: 203, 207, 200, and 208. The following compounds have low aqueous solubility at pH 6.8: 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, and 215 have aqueous solubility, in μM, of 1.0, 0.4, 0.4, 1.9, 0.8, 1.8, and 0.6, respectively.

The following chemical structures relate to certain of the above-discussed compounds:

4.2 COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA (II)

Preferred Compounds of Formula (I) are Compounds of Formula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof,

(1) provided that if R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group,

where R₄, R₈, and R₉ are as defined above for Compounds of Formula (II).

Certain embodiments of formula (II) are presented below.

In one embodiment, a Compound of Formula (II) is a free base.

In another embodiment, a Compound of Formula (II) is a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (II).

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (II) is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (II) is a fumaric acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (II) is a fumaric acid-salt where the molar ratio of the Compound of Formula (II):fumaric acid is about 1:0.5.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (II) is a co-crystal. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (II) is a fumarate co-crystal. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (II) is a fumarate co-crystal where the molar ratio of the Compound of Formula (II):fumarate is about 1:0.5.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a Compound of Formula (II) is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the molar ratio of the Compound of Formula (II):(fumaric acid and/or fumarate) is about 1:0.5.

Other embodiments relate to the product of combining a Compound of Formula (II) with fumaric acid, where the molar ratio in the product is about 1:0.5 of (the Compound of Formula (II)):(fumaric acid); a composition comprising that product and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient; a method for treating pain, e.g., pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of that product; and a method of inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of that product.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(2) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(2) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group; and

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(2) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group; and

(4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and

(4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(2) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group;

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and

(4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(2) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group; and

(4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and

(4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, it is further provided that:

(2) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group;

(3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and

(4) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H or —F.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃ and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃ and R₈ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —OCH₂CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, or —CH₂OCH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, —CF₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —CH₃, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —OCF₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H, —F, or —Cl and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —F and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —Cl and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H or —CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F or —Cl and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl or —CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —H and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —F and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —Cl and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₉ is —CH₃ and R₈ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group.

In another embodiment, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, and R is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, and R₈ is —F or —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, and R₉ is —H, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F or —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —H, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration, the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group, R₈ is —CH₃, and R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.

Illustrative Compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II) are listed below in Tables 1-3.

TABLE 1 (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where: Compound R₁ R₈ R₉ A A1a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —H A2 b, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —Cl A3 b, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —Br A4 b, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —F A5 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —CH₃ A6 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —OCH₃ A7 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —OCH₂CH₃ A8 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —CF₃ A9 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —OCF₃ A10 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —CH₂OCH₃ A11 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —H —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A12 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —H A13 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —Cl A14 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —Br A15 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —F A16 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —CH₃ A17 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —OCH₃ A18 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ A19 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —CF₃ A20 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —OCF₃ A21 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ A22 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A23 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —H A24 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —Cl A25 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —Br A26 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —F A27a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —CH₃ A28 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —OCH₃ A29 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —OCH₂CH₃ A30 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —CF₃ A31 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —OCF₃ A32 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —CH₂OCH₃ A33 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —Br —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A34 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —H A35 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —Cl A36 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —Br A37 a, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —F A38 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —CH₃ A39 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —OCH₃ A40 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —OCH₂CH₃ A41 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —CF₃ A42 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —OCF₃ A43 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —CH₂OCH₃ A44 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A45 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —H A46 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —Cl A47 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —Br A48 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —F A49 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —CH₃ A50 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —OCH₃ A51 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A52 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —CF₃ A53a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —OCF₃ A54 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A55 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A56 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —H A57 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —Cl A58 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —Br A59 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —F A60 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —CH₃ A61 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —OCH₃ A62 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A63 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —CF₃ A64 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —OCF₃ A65 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A66 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A67 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —H A68 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —Cl A69 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —Br A70 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —F A71 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ A72 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ A73 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A74 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ A75 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ A76 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A77 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A78 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —H A79a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —Cl A80 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —Br A81 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —F A82 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —CH₃ A83 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —OCH₃ A84 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A85 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —CF₃ A86 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —OCF₃ A87 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A88 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A89 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —H A90 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —Cl A91 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —Br A92 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —F A93 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —CH₃ A94 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —OCH₃ A95 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A96 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —CF₃ A97 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —OCF₃ A98 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A99 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —OCF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A100 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —H A101 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —Cl A102 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —Br A103 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —F A104 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₃ A105a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₃ A106 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A107 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —CF₃ A108 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —OCF₃ A109 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A110 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A111 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —H A112 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Cl A113 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Br A114 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —F A115 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ A116 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ A117 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A118 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ A119 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ A120 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A121 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A122 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —H —H A123 b, d, e, f or g —F —H —Cl A124 b, d, e, f or g —F —H —Br A125 b, d, e, f or g —F —H —F A126 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —H —CH₃ A127 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —H —OCH₃ A128 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —H —OCH₂CH₃ A129 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —H —CF₃ A130 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —H —OCF₃ A131a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —H —CH₂OCH₃ A132 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —H —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A133 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —H A134 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —Cl A135 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —Br A136 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —F A137 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —CH₃ A138 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —OCH₃ A139 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ A140 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —CF₃ A141 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —OCF₃ A142 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ A143 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A144 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —H A145 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —Cl A146 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —Br A147 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —F A148 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —CH₃ A149 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —OCH₃ A150 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —OCH₂CH₃ A151 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —CF₃ A152 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —OCF₃ A153 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —CH₂OCH₃ A154 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —Br —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A155 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —H A156 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —Cl A157a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —Br A158 a, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —F A159 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —CH₃ A160 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —OCH₃ A161 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —OCH₂CH₃ A162 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —CF₃ A163 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —OCF₃ A164 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —CH₂OCH₃ A165 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A166 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —H A167 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —Cl A168 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —Br A169 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —F A170 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —CH₃ A171 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —OCH₃ A172 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A173 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —CF₃ A174 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —OCF₃ A175 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A176 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A177 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —H A178 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —Cl A179 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —Br A180 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —F A181 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —CH₃ A182 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —OCH₃ A183a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A184 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —CF₃ A185 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —OCF₃ A186 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A187 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A188 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —H A189 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —Cl A190 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —Br A191 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —F A192 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ A193 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ A194 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A195 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ A196 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ A197 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A198 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A199 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —H A200 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —Cl A201 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —Br A202 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —F A203 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —CH₃ A204 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —OCH₃ A205 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A206 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —CF₃ A207 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —OCF₃ A208 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A209a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A210 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —H A211 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —Cl A212 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —Br A213 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —F A214 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —CH₃ A215 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —OCH₃ A216 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A217 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —CF₃ A218 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —OCF₃ A219 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A220 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —OCF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A221 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —H A222 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —Cl A223 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —Br A224 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —F A225 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₃ A226 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₃ A227 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A228 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —CF₃ A229 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —OCF₃ A230 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A231 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —CH₂OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A232 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —H A233 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Cl A234 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Br A235a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —F A236 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ A237 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ A238 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A239 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ A240 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ A241 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A242 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A243 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —H A244 b, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —Cl A245 b, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —Br A246 b, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —F A247 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —CH₃ A248 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —OCH₃ A249 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —OCH₂CH₃ A250 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —CF₃ A251 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —OCF₃ A252 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —CH₂OCH₃ A253 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —H —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A254 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —H A255 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —Cl A256 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —Br A257 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —F A258 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —CH₃ A259 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —OCH₃ A260 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ A261a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —CF₃ A262 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —OCF₃ A263 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ A264 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A265 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —H A266 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —Cl A267 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —Br A268 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —F A269 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —CH₃ A270 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —OCH₃ A271 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —OCH₂CH₃ A272 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —CF₃ A273 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —OCF₃ A274 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —CH₂OCH₃ A275 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —Br —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A276 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —H A277 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —Cl A278 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —Br A279 a, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —F A280 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —CH₃ A281 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —OCH₃ A282 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —OCH₂CH₃ A283 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —CF₃ A284 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —OCF₃ A285 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —CH₂OCH₃ A286 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A287a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —H A288 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —Cl A289 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —Br A290 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —F A291 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ A292 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —OCH₃ A293 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A294 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —CF₃ A295 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —OCF₃ A296 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A297 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A298 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —H A299 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —Cl A300 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —Br A301 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —F A302 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ A303 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —OCH₃ A304 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A305 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —CF₃ A306 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —OCF₃ A307 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A308 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A309 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —H A310 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —Cl A311 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —Br A312 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —F A313a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ A314 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ A315 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A316 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ A317 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ A318 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A319 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A320 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —H A321 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —Cl A322 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —Br A323 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —F A324 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —CH₃ A325 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —OCH₃ A326 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A327 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —CF₃ A328 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —OCF₃ A329 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A330 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A331 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —H A332 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —Cl A333 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —Br A334 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —F A335 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —CH₃ A336 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —OCH₃ A337 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A338 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —CF₃ A339a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —OCF₃ A340 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A341 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —OCF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A342 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —H A343 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —Cl A344 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —Br A345 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —F A346 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₃ A347 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₃ A348 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A349 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —CF₃ A350 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —OCF₃ A351 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A352 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ A353 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —H A354 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Cl A355 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Br A356 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —F A357 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ A358 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ A359 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ A360 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ A361 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ A362 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ A363 a, b, c, d, e, f or g —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃

TABLE 2 (h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where: Compound R₁ R₈ R₉ B B1h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —H —H B2 j, k, o or p —Cl —H —Cl B3 j, k, o or p —Cl —H —Br B4 j, k, o or p —Cl —H —F B5 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —H —CH₃ B6 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —H —OCH₃ B7 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —H —OCH₂CH₃ B8 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —H —CF₃ B9 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —H —OCF₃ B10 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —H —CH₂OCH₃ B11 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —H —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B12 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —H B13 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —Cl B14 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —Br B15 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —F B16 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —CH₃ B17 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —OCH₃ B18 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ B19 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —CF₃ B20 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —OCF₃ B21 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ B22 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B23 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —H B24 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —Cl B25 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —Br B26 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —F B27h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —CH₃ B28 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —OCH₃ B29 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —OCH₂CH₃ B30 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —CF₃ B31 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —OCF₃ B32 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —CH₂OCH₃ B33 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —Br —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B34 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —H B35 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —Cl B36 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —Br B37 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —F B38 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —CH₃ B39 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —OCH₃ B40 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —OCH₂CH₃ B41 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —CF₃ B42 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —OCF₃ B43 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —CH₂OCH₃ B44 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B45 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —H B46 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —Cl B47 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —Br B48 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —F B49 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —CH₃ B50 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —OCH₃ B51 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B52 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —CF₃ B53h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —OCF₃ B54 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B55 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B56 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —H B57 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —Cl B58 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —Br B59 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —F B60 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —CH₃ B61 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —OCH₃ B62 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B63 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —CF₃ B64 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —OCF₃ B65 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B66 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B67 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —H B68 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —Cl B69 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —Br B70 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —F B71 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ B72 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ B73 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B74 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ B75 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ B76 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B77 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B78 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —H B79h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —Cl B80 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —Br B81 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —F B82 h, i, j, k, m; n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —CH₃ B83 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —OCH₃ B84 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B85 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —CF₃ B86 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —OCF₃ B87 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B88 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B89 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —H B90 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —Cl B91 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —Br B92 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —F B93 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —CH₃ B94 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —OCH₃ B95 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B96 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —CF₃ B97 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —OCF₃ B98 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B99 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —OCF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B100 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —H B101 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —Cl B102 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —Br B103 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —F B104 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₃ B105h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₃ B106 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B107 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —CF₃ B108 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —OCF₃ B109 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B110 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B111 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —H B112 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Cl B113 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Br B114 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —F B115 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ B116 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ B117 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B118 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ B119 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ B120 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B121 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B122 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —H —H B123 j, k, o or p —F —H —Cl B124 j, k, o or p —F —H —Br B125 j, k, o or p —F —H —F B126 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —H —CH₃ B127 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —H —OCH₃ B128 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —H —OCH₂CH₃ B129 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —H —CF₃ B130 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —H —OCF₃ B131h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —H —CH₂OCH₃ B132 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —H —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B133 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —H B134 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —Cl B135 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —Br B136 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —F B137 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —CH₃ B138 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —OCH₃ B139 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ B140 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —CF₃ B141 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —OCF₃ B142 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ B143 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B144 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —H B145 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —Cl B146 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —Br B147 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —F B148 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —CH₃ B149 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —OCH₃ B150 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —OCH₂CH₃ B151 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —CF₃ B152 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —OCF₃ B153 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —CH₂OCH₃ B154 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —Br —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B155 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —H B156 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —Cl B157h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —Br B158 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —F B159 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —CH₃ B160 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —OCH₃ B161 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —OCH₂CH₃ B162 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —CF₃ B163 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —OCF₃ B164 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —CH₂OCH₃ B165 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B166 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —H B167 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —Cl B168 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —Br B169 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —F B170 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —CH₃ B171 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —OCH₃ B172 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B173 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —CF₃ B174 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —OCF₃ B175 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B176 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B177 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —H B178 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —Cl B179 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —Br B180 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —F B181 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —CH₃ B182 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —OCH₃ B183h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B184 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —CF₃ B185 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —OCF₃ B186 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B187 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B188 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —H B189 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —Cl B190 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —Br B191 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —F B192 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ B193 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ B194 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B195 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ B196 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ B197 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B198 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B199 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —H B200 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —Cl B201 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —Br B202 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —F B203 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —CH₃ B204 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —OCH₃ B205 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B206 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —CF₃ B207 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —OCF₃ B208 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B209h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B210 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —H B211 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —Cl B212 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —Br B213 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —F B214 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —CH₃ B215 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —OCH₃ B216 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B217 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —CF₃ B218 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —OCF₃ B219 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B220 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —OCF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B221 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —H B222 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —Cl B223 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —Br B224 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —F B225 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₃ B226 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₃ B227 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B228 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —CF₃ B229 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —OCF₃ B230 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B231 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —CH₂OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B232 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —H B233 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Cl B234 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Br B235h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —F B236 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ B237 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ B238 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B239 h, I, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ B240 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ B241 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B242 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B243 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —H —H B244 j, k, o or p —CF₃ —H —Cl B245 j, k, o or p —CF₃ —H —Br B246 j, k, o or p —CF₃ —H —F B247 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —H —CH₃ B248 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —H —OCH₃ B249 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —H —OCH₂CH₃ B250 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —H —CF₃ B251 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —H —OCF₃ B252 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —H —CH₂OCH₃ B253 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —H —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B254 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —H B255 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —Cl B256 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —Br B257 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —F B258 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —CH₃ B259 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —OCH₃ B260 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ B261h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —CF₃ B262 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —OCF₃ B263 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ B264 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B265 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —H B266 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —Cl B267 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —Br B268 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —F B269 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —CH₃ B270 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —OCH₃ B271 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —OCH₂CH₃ B272 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —CF₃ B273 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —OCF₃ B274 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —CH₂OCH₃ B275 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —Br —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B276 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —H B277 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —Cl B278 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —Br B279 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —F B280 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —CH₃ B281 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —OCH₃ B282 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —OCH₂CH₃ B283 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —CF₃ B284 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —OCF₃ B285 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —CH₂OCH₃ B286 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B287h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —H B288 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —Cl B289 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —Br B290 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —F B291 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ B292 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —OCH₃ B293 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B294 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —CF₃ B295 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —OCF₃ B296 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B297 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B298 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —H B299 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —Cl B300 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —Br B301 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —F B302 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ B303 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —OCH₃ B304 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B305 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —CF₃ B306 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —OCF₃ B307 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B308 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B309 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —H B310 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —Cl B311 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —Br B312 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —F B313h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ B314 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ B315 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B316 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ B317 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ B318 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B319 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B320 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —H B321 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —Cl B322 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —Br B323 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —F B324 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —CH₃ B325 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —OCH₃ B326 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B327 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —CF₃ B328 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —OCF₃ B329 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B330 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B331 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —H B332 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —Cl B333 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —Br B334 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —F B335 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —CH₃ B336 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —OCH₃ B337 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B338 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —CF₃ B339h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —OCF₃ B340 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B341 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —OCF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B342 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —H B343 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —Cl B344 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —Br B345 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —F B346 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₃ B347 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₃ B348 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B349 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —CF₃ B350 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —OCF₃ B351 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B352 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ B353 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —H B354 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Cl B355 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Br B356 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —F B357 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ B358 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ B359 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ B360 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ B361 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ B362 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ B363 h, i, j, k, m, n, o or p —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃

TABLE 3 (q)

(r)

(s)

(t)

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, where: Compound R₁ R₈ R₉ C C1q, r, s or t —Cl —H —H C2 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —Cl C3 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —Br C4 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —F C5 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —CH₃ C6 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —OCH₃ C7 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —OCH₂CH₃ C8 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —CF₃ C9 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —OCF₃ C10 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —CH₂OCH₃ C11 q, r, s or t —Cl —H —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C12 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —H C13 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —Cl C14 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —Br C15 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —F C16 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —CH₃ C17 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —OCH₃ C18 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ C19 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —CF₃ C20 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —OCF₃ C21 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ C22 q, r, s or t —Cl —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C23 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —H C24 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —Cl C25 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —Br C26 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —F C27q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —CH₃ C28 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —OCH₃ C29 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —OCH₂CH₃ C30 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —CF₃ C31 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —OCF₃ C32 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —CH₂OCH₃ C33 q, r, s or t —Cl —Br —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C34 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —H C35 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —Cl C36 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —Br C37 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —F C38 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —CH₃ C39 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —OCH₃ C40 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —OCH₂CH₃ C41 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —CF₃ C42 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —OCF₃ C43 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —CH₂OCH₃ C44 q, r, s or t —Cl —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C45 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —H C46 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —Cl C47 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —Br C48 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —F C49 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —CH₃ C50 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —OCH₃ C51 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C52 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —CF₃ C53q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —OCF₃ C54 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C55 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C56 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —H C57 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —Cl C58 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —Br C59 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —F C60 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —CH₃ C61 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —OCH₃ C62 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C63 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —CF₃ C64 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —OCF₃ C65 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C66 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C67 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —H C68 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —Cl C69 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —Br C70 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —F C71 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ C72 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ C73 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C74 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ C75 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ C76 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C77 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C78 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —H C79q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —Cl C80 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —Br C81 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —F C82 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —CH₃ C83 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —OCH₃ C84 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C85 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —CF₃ C86 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —OCF₃ C87 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C88 q, r, s or t —Cl —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C89 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —H C90 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —Cl C91 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —Br C92 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —F C93 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —CH₃ C94 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —OCH₃ C95 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C96 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —CF₃ C97 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —OCF₃ C98 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C99 q, r, s or t —Cl —OCF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C100 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —H C101 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —Cl C102 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —Br C103 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —F C104 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₃ C105q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₃ C106 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C107 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —CF₃ C108 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —OCF₃ C109 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C110 q, r, s or t —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C111 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —H C112 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Cl C113 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Br C114 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —F C115 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ C116 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ C117 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C118 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ C119 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ C120 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C121 q, r, s or t —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C122 q, r, s or t —F —H —H C123 q, r, s or t —F —H —Cl C124 q, r, s or t —F —H —Br C125 q, r, s or t —F —H —F C126 q, r, s or t —F —H —CH₃ C127 q, r, s or t —F —H —OCH₃ C128 q, r, s or t —F —H —OCH₂CH₃ C129 q, r, s or t —F —H —CF₃ C130 q, r, s or t —F —H —OCF₃ C131q, r, s or t —F —H —CH₂OCH₃ C132 q, r, s or t —F —H —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C133 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —H C134 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —Cl C135 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —Br C136 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —F C137 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —CH₃ C138 q, r, sor t —F —Cl —OCH₃ C139 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ C140 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —CF₃ C141 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —OCF₃ C142 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ C143 q, r, s or t —F —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C144 q, r, s or t —F —Br —H C145 q, r, s or t —F —Br —Cl C146 q, r, s or t —F —Br —Br C147 q, r, s or t —F —Br —F C148 q, r, s or t —F —Br —CH₃ C149 q, r, s or t —F —Br —OCH₃ C150 q, r, s or t —F —Br —OCH₂CH₃ C151 q, r, s or t —F —Br —CF₃ C152 q, r, s or t —F —Br —OCF₃ C153 q, r, s or t —F —Br —CH₂OCH₃ C154 q, r, s or t —F —Br —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C155 q, r, s or t —F —F —H C156 q, r, s or t —F —F —Cl C157q, r, s or t —F —F —Br C158 q, r, s or t —F —F —F C159 q, r, s or t —F —F —CH₃ C160 q, r, s or t —F —F —OCH₃ C161 q, r, s or t —F —F —OCH₂CH₃ C162 q, r, s or t —F —F —CF₃ C163 q, r, s or t —F —F —OCF₃ C164 q, r, s or t —F —F —CH₂OCH₃ C165 q, r, s or t —F —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C166 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —H C167 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —Cl C168 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —Br C169 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —F C170 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —CH₃ C171 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —OCH₃ C172 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C173 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —CF₃ C174 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —OCF₃ C175 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C176 q, r, s or t —F —CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C177 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —H C178 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —Cl C179 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —Br C180 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —F C181 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —CH₃ C182 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —OCH₃ C183q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C184 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —CF₃ C185 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —OCF₃ C186 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C187 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C188 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —H C189 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —Cl C190 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —Br C191 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —F C192 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ C193 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ C194 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C195 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ C196 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ C197 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C198 q, r, s or t —F —OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C199 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —H C200 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —Cl C201 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —Br C202 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —F C203 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —CH₃ C204 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —OCH₃ C205 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C206 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —CF₃ C207 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —OCF₃ C208 q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C209q, r, s or t —F —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C210 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —H C211 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —Cl C212 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —Br C213 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —F C214 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —CH₃ C215 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —OCH₃ C216 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C217 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —CF₃ C218 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —OCF₃ C219 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C220 q, r, s or t —F —OCF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C221 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —H C222 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —Cl C223 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —Br C224 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —F C225 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₃ C226 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₃ C227 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C228 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —CF₃ C229 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —OCF₃ C230 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C231 q, r, s or t —F —CH₂OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C232 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —H C233 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Cl C234 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Br C235q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —F C236 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ C237 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ C238 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C239 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ C240 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ C241 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C242 q, r, s or t —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C243 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —H C244 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —Cl C245 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —Br C246 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —F C247 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —CH₃ C248 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —OCH₃ C249 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —OCH₂CH₃ C250 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —CF₃ C251 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —OCF₃ C252 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —CH₂OCH₃ C253 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —H —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C254 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —H C255 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —Cl C256 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —Br C257 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —F C258 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —CH₃ C259 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —OCH₃ C260 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —OCH₂CH₃ C261q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —CF₃ C262 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —OCF₃ C263 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —CH₂OCH₃ C264 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Cl —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C265 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —H C266 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —Cl C267 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —Br C268 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —F C269 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —CH₃ C270 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —OCH₃ C271 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —OCH₂CH₃ C272 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —CF₃ C273 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —OCF₃ C274 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —CH₂OCH₃ C275 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —Br —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C276 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —H C277 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —Cl C278 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —Br C279 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —F C280 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —CH₃ C281 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —OCH₃ C282 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —OCH₂CH₃ C283 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —CF₃ C284 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —OCF₃ C285 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —CH₂OCH₃ C286 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —F —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C287q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —H C288 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —Cl C289 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —Br C290 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —F C291 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —CH₃ C292 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —OCH₃ C293 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C294 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —CF₃ C295 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —OCF₃ C296 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C297 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C298 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —H C299 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —Cl C300 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —Br C301 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —F C302 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —CH₃ C303 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —OCH₃ C304 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C305 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —CF₃ C306 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —OCF₃ C307 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C308 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C309 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —H C310 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —Cl C311 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —Br C312 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —F C313q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ C314 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ C315 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C316 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ C317 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ C318 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C319 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C320 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —H C321 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —Cl C322 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —Br C323 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —F C324 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —CH₃ C325 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —OCH₃ C326 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C327 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —CF₃ C328 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —OCF₃ C329 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C330 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C331 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —H C332 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —Cl C333 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —Br C334 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —F C335 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —CH₃ C336 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —OCH₃ C337 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C338 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —CF₃ C339q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —OCF₃ C340 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C341 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —OCF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C342 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —H C343 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —Cl C344 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —Br C345 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —F C346 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₃ C347 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₃ C348 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C349 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —CF₃ C350 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —OCF₃ C351 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C352 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —CH₂OCH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ C353 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —H C354 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Cl C355 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —Br C356 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —F C357 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₃ C358 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₃ C359 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCH₂CH₃ C360 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CF₃ C361 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —OCF₃ C362 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —CH₂OCH₃ C363 q, r, s or t —CF₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃ —C(O)OCH₂CH₃

4.3 DEFINITIONS

As used herein, the terms used above having following meaning: “—(C₁-C₄)alkyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain —(C₁-C₄)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, and -n-butyl. Representative branched —(C₁-C₄)alkyls include -iso-propyl, -sec-butyl, -iso-butyl, and -tert-butyl.

“-Halogen” or “-halo” means —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.

In connection with the methyl substituent of the piperazine ring of, e.g., compounds of formula (I), “2-methyl group”, “2-position methyl group”, and the like means

where R₁, R₄, R₈, and R₉ are as defined above for Compounds of Formula (I), where the numbers designate the position of each atom in the piperazine ring.

In connection with the methyl substituent of the piperazine ring of, e.g., compounds of formula (I), “(R)-2-methyl group”, “(R)-2-position methyl group”, and the like means

where R₁, R₄, R₈, and R₉ are as defined above for Compounds of Formula (I), where the numbers designate the position of each atom in the piperazine ring.

In connection with the methyl substituent of the piperazine ring of, e.g., compounds of formula (I), “(S)-2-methyl group”, “(S)-2-position methyl group”, and the like means

where R₁, R₄, R₈, and R₉ are as defined above for Compounds of Formula (I), where the numbers designate the position of each atom in the piperazine ring.

In connection with the methyl substituent of the piperazine ring of, e.g., compounds of formula (I), “3-methyl group”, “3-position methyl group”, and the like means

where R₁, R₄, R₈, and R₉ are as defined above for Compounds of Formula (I), where the numbers designate the position of each atom in the piperazine ring.

In connection with the methyl substituent of the piperazine ring of, e.g., compounds of formula (I), “(R)-3-methyl group”, “(R)-3-position methyl group”, and the like means

where R₁, R₄, R₈, and R₉ are as defined above for Compounds of Formula (I), where the numbers designate the position of each atom in the piperazine ring.

In connection with the methyl substituent of the piperazine ring of, e.g., compounds of formula (I), “(S)-3-methyl group”, “(S)-3-position methyl group”, and the like means

where R₁, R₄, R₈, and R₉ are as defined above for Compounds of Formula (I), where the numbers designate the position of each atom in the piperazine ring.

In connection with the substituent of the pyridine ring containing R₄, the phrase “wherein R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration” and the like means

where the lower-case letters are used to designate a particular C—O bond in that substituent.

In connection with the substituent of the pyridine ring containing R₄, the phrase “wherein R₄ is —CH₃ and the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (R) configuration” and the like means

where the lower-case letters are used to designate a particular C—O bond in that substituent.

In connection with the substituent of the pyridine ring containing R₄, the phrase “wherein R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond in the (R) configuration, and the carbon atom at the c position of the c-d bond is in the (S) configuration” and the like means

where the lower-case letters are used to designate a particular C—O bond in that substituent.

In connection with the substituent of the pyridine ring containing R₄, the phrase “wherein R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond in the (S) configuration, and the carbon atom at the c position of the c-d bond is in the (R) configuration” and the like means

where the lower-case letters are used to designate a particular C—O bond in that substituent.

In connection with the substituent of the pyridine ring containing R₄, the phrase “wherein R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration” and the like means

where the lower-case letters are used to designate a particular C—O bond in that substituent.

In connection with the substituent of the pyridine ring containing R₄, the phrase “wherein R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (R) configuration” and the like means

where the lower-case letters are used to designate a particular C—O bond in that substituent.

The term “animal,” includes, but is not limited to, a cow, monkey, baboon, chimpanzee, horse, sheep, pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, and human.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative”, as used herein, includes any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, co-crystal, prodrug, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, co-crystal, prodrug, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, co-crystal, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, co-crystal, prodrug, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, co-crystal, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, co-crystal, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, co-crystal, prodrug, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, co-crystal, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, co-crystal, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, co-crystal, prodrug, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, co-crystal, stereoisomer, enantiomer, diastereomer, other stereoisomeric form, racemic mixture, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, co-crystal, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, co-crystal, prodrug, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, pseudopolymorph, solvate, co-crystal, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, co-crystal, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, co-crystal, prodrug, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, co-crystal, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, co-crystal, radiolabeled form, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, co-crystal, prodrug, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, co-crystal, stereoisomer, geometric isomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, co-crystal, stereoisomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, stereoisomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, and/or tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a polymorph, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a pseudopolymorph, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a solvate, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a co-crystal, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a prodrug, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a radiolabeled form, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a stereoisomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is an enantiomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a diastereomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a stereoisomeric form other than a stereoisomer, an enantiomer and a diastereomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a racemic mixture, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a geometric isomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is a tautomer, e.g., of a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt”, as used herein, is any pharmaceutically acceptable salt that can be prepared from a Compound of Formula (I) including a salt formed from an acid and a basic functional group, such as a nitrogen group, of a Compound of Formula (I). Illustrative salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucoronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” also includes a salt prepared from a Compound of Formula (I) having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base. Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, cesium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; picoline; N-methyl-N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-(C₁-C₃)alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N-di-[(C₁-C₃)alkyl]-N-(hydroxy-(C₁-C₃)alkyl)-amines, such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride-salt, a sulfate-salt, a sodium-salt, a potassium-salt, a benzene sulfonic acid-salt, a para-toluenesulfonic acid-salt, or a fumaric acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride-salt or a sulfate-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a hydrochloride-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sulfate-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a sodium-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a potassium-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a para-toluenesulfonic acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a fumaric acid-salt. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable fumaric acid-salt contains about one equivalent of a Compound of Formula (I) and about 0.5 equivalents of fumaric acid, e.g., from about 0.3 to about 0.7 equivalents of fumaric acid in one embodiment, from about 0.4 to about 0.6 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment, from about 0.44 to about 0.56 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment, or from about 0.47 to about 0.53 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment. In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable fumaric acid-salt contains one equivalent of a Compound of Formula (I) and 0.5 equivalents of fumaric acid. One skilled in the art will recognize that, e.g., acid addition salts, of a Compound of Formula (I) can be prepared by reaction of the compounds with the appropriate acid by a variety of known methods.

The compounds of the disclosure provided herein also encompass all polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs of the Compounds of Formula (I). “Polymorphs” are known in the art (see, e.g., Giron, “Investigations of Polymorphism and Pseudo-polymorphism in Pharmaceuticals by Combined Thermoanalytical Techniques,” J. Thermal Anal. Cal. 64:37-60 (2001)) and are considered to be different crystalline phases in which a Compound of Formula (I) is capable of existing. The crystalline phases can have different arrangements (“packing polymorphism”) and/or conformations (“conformational polymorphism”) of the molecules in the crystal lattice. For example, in two distinct polymorphs of a Compound of Formula (I), each polymorph can have the molecules arranged in a different fundamental crystal system—triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, or cubic. The term “anhydrate” as used herein, is any crystalline form of a Compound of Formula (I) in which water molecules are a non-integral part of the crystal. An anhydrate of a Compound of Formula (I) can be prepared, for example, by crystallization from a solvent substantially free of water. In one embodiment, the Compound of Formula (I) is present as an anhydrate, i.e., as a free base where the crystal lattice is substantially free of water molecules and any water molecules present are present as “surface water” (e.g., loosely bound to the crystal's surface) as would be discernable and distinguishable to those in the art by, e.g., thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and/or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), from water molecules that are an integral part of the crystal (e.g., a hydrate). An anhydrate of a Compound of Formula (I) has less than about 0.2 mole water in one embodiment, less than about 0.15 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.12 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.1 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.085 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.075 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.06 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.057 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.05 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.03 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.025 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.02 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.01 mole water in another embodiment, less than about 0.005 mole water in another embodiment, and less than about 0.001 mole water in another embodiment, each said embodiment taking into account the presence of surface water and each said embodiment being per 1 mole of a Compound of Formula (I).

The compounds of the disclosure provided herein also encompass all solvates of the Compounds of Formula (I). “Solvates” are known in the art and are considered to be a combination, physical association and/or solvation of a Compound of Formula (I) with a solvent molecule. This physical association can involve varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. When the solvate is of the stoichiometric type, there is a fixed ratio of the solvent molecule to Compound of Formula (I), e.g., a disolvate, monosolvate or hemisolvate when the solvent molecule:Compound of Formula (I) molecule molar ratio is 2:1, 1:1 or 1:2, respectively. In other embodiments, the solvate is of the nonstoichiometric type. For example, the Compound of Formula (I) crystal can contain solvent molecules in the structural voids, e.g., channels, of the crystal lattice. In certain instances, the solvate can be isolated, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystal lattice of a crystalline solid. Thus, “solvate”, as used herein, encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. As the crystalline form of a solvate can also be referred to as a “pseudopolymorph”, the compounds of the disclosure provided herein also encompass all pseudopolymorphs of the Compounds of Formula (I). A Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure can be present as a solvated form with a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, such as water, methanol, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the disclosure include both solvated and unsolvated Compound of Formula (I) forms. As “hydrate” relates to a particular subgroup of solvates, i.e., where the solvent molecule is water, hydrates are included within the solvates of the disclosure. In one embodiment, the Compound of Formula (I) is present as a monohydrate, i.e., as a free base where the water:Compound of Formula (I) molar ratio is about 1:1, e.g., from 0.91:1 to 1.09:1 in one embodiment, from 0.94:1 to 1.06:1 in another embodiment, from 0.97:1 to 1.03:1 in another embodiment, and from 0.985:1 to 1.015:1 in another embodiment, each said embodiment taking no account of surface water that might be present, if any.

Preparation of solvates is known in the art. For example, Caira et al., “Preparation and Crystal Characterization of a Polymorph, a Monohydrate, and an Ethyl Acetate Solvate of the Antifungal Fluconazole,” J. Pharmaceut. Sci., 93(3):601-611 (2004), describes the preparation of solvates of fluconazole with ethyl acetate and with water. Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates, and the like are described by Van Tonder et al., “Preparation and Physicochemical Characterization of 5 Niclosamide Solvates and 1 Hemisolvate,” AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech., 5(1): Article 12 (2004), and Bingham et al., “Over one hundred solvates of sulfathiazole,” Chem. Comm., pp. 603-604 (2001). In one embodiment, a non-limiting, process involves dissolving the Compound of Formula (I) in a desired amount of the desired solvent (organic, water or mixtures thereof) at temperatures above about 20° C. to about 25° C., cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals, and isolating the crystals by known methods, e.g., filtration. Analytical techniques, for example, infrared spectroscopy, can be used to show the presence of the solvent in a crystal of the solvate.

The compounds of the disclosure provided herein also encompass all co-crystals of the Compounds of Formula (I). “Co-crystals” are known in the art; a co-crystal is considered to be a structurally homogeneous crystalline material that contains two or more neutral building blocks, e.g., a Compound of Formula (I) with a co-former material, that are present in definite stoichiometric amounts. Aakeroy et al., “Co-crystal or Salt: Does it Really Matter?” Mol. Pharmaceutics 4(3):317-322 (2007). As used herein, a “co-crystal” includes all polymorphs of that co-crystal, i.e., all different crystalline phases of that co-crystal. The main difference between solvates and co-crystals is the physical state of the isolated pure components. For, e.g., a two component system, if one component is a liquid at a temperature of about 25° C. then the crystal containing both components is designated as a solvate; if both components are solids at that temperature then the crystal containing both components is designated as a co-crystal. Sekhon, “Pharmaceutical Co-crystals—A Review,” Ars. Pharm. 50(3):99-117 (2009). Furthermore, co-crystals and salts can be considered as opposite “extremes” on the scale of the multi-component structures possible. Salts are formed through ionization, e.g., an acid-base reaction or proton donation occurring between the active pharmaceutical ingredient and an acidic or basic substance. In contrast, when the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) lacks an ionizable site amenable to salt formation, a co-crystal can be formed through unionization, e.g., hydrogen bonding, π-π, or van der Waals interactions between the components. The differences in structure among a co-crystal, salt, and hydrate are illustrated in, e.g., FIGS. 1 and 2 of Schultheiss et al., “Pharmaceutical Co-crystals and their Physicochemical Properties,” Crystal Growth & Design 9(6):2950-2967 (2009), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Preparation of co-crystals is known in the art; for example, as described in the above-cited references and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,452,555 B2 and 7,935,817 B2.

In one embodiment, a co-crystal with a Compound of Formula (I) comprises hydrochloric acid, tartaric acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, or any mixture thereof. In another embodiment, a co-crystal with a Compound of Formula (I) comprises hydrochloric acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, L-tartaric acid, fumaric acid, or any mixture thereof. In another embodiment, the co-crystal is of a Compound of Formula (I) and hydrochloric acid. In another embodiment, the co-crystal is of a Compound of Formula (I) and benzenesulfonic acid. In another embodiment, the co-crystal is of a Compound of Formula (I) and toluenesulfonic acid. In another embodiment, the co-crystal is of a Compound of Formula (I) and L-tartaric acid. In another embodiment, the co-crystal is of a Compound of Formula (I) and fumaric acid. In another embodiment, the co-crystal contains about one equivalent of a Compound of Formula (I) and about 0.5 equivalents of fumaric acid, e.g., from about 0.3 to about 0.7 equivalents of fumaric acid in one embodiment, from about 0.4 to about 0.6 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment, from about 0.44 to about 0.56 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment, or from about 0.47 to about 0.53 equivalents of fumaric acid in another embodiment. In another embodiment, the co-crystal contains one equivalent of a Compound of Formula (I) and 0.5 equivalents of fumaric acid. Analytical techniques, for example, infrared spectroscopy, single crystal x-ray diffraction (XRD), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), melting point determination, DSC, differential thermal analysis (DTA), TGA, solid-state NMR (SSNMR), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), can be used to elucidate the structure of a co-crystal. In certain embodiments, XRD, SSNMR, and/or XPS is used to determine whether a co-crystal or a salt is present. In certain embodiments when a sufficiently large single crystal cannot be grown, SSNMR or XPS is used to determine whether a co-crystal or a salt is present.

However, the art recognizes that “the exact classification of a compound as a salt or a co-crystal can at times be somewhat ambiguous.” Aakeroy et al., at page 321. For example, Aakeroy et al. describe a study where x-ray and neutron diffraction were used to study hydrogen bonding between urotropine N-oxide and formic acid as a function of temperature in which the exact location of the proton was found to change with temperature and, under certain conditions, the system displayed partial proton transfer from the acid to the N-oxide moiety, i.e., the system possessed characteristics intermediate between a salt and a co-crystal. Id. Moreover, Pop et al. describe tiotropium fumarate as, simultaneously, a salt and a co-crystal with a stoichiometry of cation:anion:co-former of 2:1:1. Pop et al., “Tiotropium Fumarate: An Interesting Pharmaceutical Co-crystal,” J Pharma. Sci. 98(5):1820-1834 (2009). The structure, determined by XRD, is described as “made up of two monovalent tiotropium cations combined with a divalent fumarate anion to make the salt, plus a nonionized free fumaric acid moiety to make the co-crystal.” Id. Thus in connection with the absence of an indisputably clear distinction between a salt and a co-crystal, it should be understood that the phrase “and combinations thereof”, when used in the context of a salt and/or a co-crystal, means that a characteristic attributable to a salt and another characteristic attributable to a co-crystal are simultaneously present in one embodiment; in another embodiment, a characteristic intermediate between the characteristic attributable to a salt and the characteristic attributable to a co-crystal is present.

The compounds disclosed herein also comprise all prodrugs of the Compounds of Formula (I). “Prodrugs” are known in the art and, while not necessarily possessing any pharmaceutical activity as such, are considered to be any covalently bonded carrier(s) that releases the active parent drug in vivo. In general, such prodrugs will be a functional derivative of a Compound of Formula (I) which is readily convertible in vivo, e.g., by being metabolized, into the required Compound of Formula (I).

Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described in, for example, H. Bundgaard ed., Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985); “Drug and Enzyme Targeting, Part A,” Widder et al., eds., Vol. 112 in Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press (1985); Bundgaard, “Design and Application of Prodrugs,” Chapter 5, pp. 113-191 in A Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Krogsgaard-Larsen and Bundgaard Eds., Harwood Academic Publishers (1991); Bundgaard et al., “(C) Means to Enhance Penetration (1) Prodrugs as a means to improve the delivery of peptide drugs,” Adv. Drug Delivery Revs. 8:1-38 (1992); Bundgaard et al., “Glycolamide Esters as Biolabile Prodrugs of Carboxylic Acid Agents: Synthesis, Stability, Bioconversion, and Physicochemical Properties,” J. Pharmaceut. Sci. 77(4):285-298 (1988); and Kakeya et al., “Studies on Prodrugs of Cephalosporins. I. Synthesis and Biological Properties of Glycyloxygenzoyloxymethyl and Glycylaminobenzoyloxymethyl Esters of 7β-[2-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-(Z)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic Acid,” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 32:692-698 (1984).

In addition, one or more hydrogen, carbon or other atoms of a Compound of Formula (I) can be replaced by a radioactive isotope of the hydrogen, carbon or other atoms. Such a “radiolabeled”, “radiolabeled form”, and the like of a Compound of Formula (I), each of which is encompassed by the disclosure, is useful as a research and/or diagnostic tool in metabolism pharmacokinetic studies and in binding assays. “Radioactive”, as used herein with respect to an atom, means an atom that comprises a radioactive atom and therefore the specific radioactivity thereof is above the background level of radioactivity. Examples of radioactive isotopes that can be incorporated into a Compound of Formula (I) of the disclosure include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F, ³⁶Cl, ³⁷Cl, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ⁸¹Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I, respectively. In one embodiment, a radiolabeled Compound of Formula (I) contains 1, 2, 3, 4, or more radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Compound of Formula (I) contains 1 or 2 radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Compound of Formula (I) contains 1 radioactive isotope which is selected from hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Compound of Formula (I) contains 1, 2, 3, 4, or more radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F, ³⁶Cl, ³⁷Cl, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ⁸¹Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Compound of Formula (I) contains 1 or 2 radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F, ³⁶Cl, ³⁷Cl, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ⁸¹Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Compound of Formula (I) contains 1 radioactive isotope which is selected from ²H, ³H, ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, ¹⁹F, ³⁶Cl, ³⁷Cl, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ⁸¹Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Compound of Formula (I) contains 1, 2, 3, 4, or more radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ³²P, and ¹²⁵I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Compound of Formula (I) contains 1 or 2 radioactive isotopes, each of which is independently selected from ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ³²P, and ¹²⁵I. In another embodiment, a radiolabeled Compound of Formula (I) contains 1 radioactive isotope which is selected from ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ³²P, and ¹²⁵I.

Radiolabeled compounds of the disclosure can be prepared by methods known in the art. For example, tritiated Compounds of Formula (I) can be prepared by introducing tritium into the particular Compound of Formula (I), for example, by catalytic dehalogenation with tritium. This method can include reacting a suitably halogen-substituted precursor of a Compound of Formula (I) with tritium gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst, for example, Pd/C, in the presence or absence of a base. Other suitable methods for preparing tritiated compounds can be found in Filer, “The Preparation and Characterization of Tritiated Neurochemicals,” Chapter 6, pp. 155-192 in Isotopes in the Physical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 1, Labeled Compounds (Part A) (1987). ¹⁴C-labeled compounds can be prepared by employing starting materials having a ¹⁴C carbon. Compounds containing piperazine isotopcially enriched with ¹³C and/or ¹⁵N can be prepared as described in, e.g., FIG. 5A and the associated description, of U.S. Pat. No. 7,355,045 B2.

A Compound of Formula (I) can contain one or more asymmetric centers and can thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms. Unless specifically otherwise indicated, the disclosure encompasses compounds with all such possible forms as well as their racemic and resolved forms or any mixture thereof. When a Compound of Formula (I) contains an olefinic double bond or other center of geometric asymmetry, and unless specifically otherwise indicated, it is intended to include all “geometric isomers”, e.g., both E and Z geometric isomers. Unless specifically otherwise indicated, all “tautomers”, e.g., ketone-enol, amide-imidic acid, lactam-lactim, enamine-imine, amine-imine, and enamine-enimine tautomers, are intended to be encompassed by the disclosure as well.

As used herein, the terms “stereoisomer”, “stereoisomeric form”, and the like are general terms for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (“diastereomers”).

The term “chiral center” refers to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached.

The term “enantiomer” or “enantiomeric” refers to a molecule that is nonsuperimposeable on its mirror image and hence optically active where the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction and its mirror image rotates the plane of polarized light in the opposite direction.

The term “racemic” refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers which is optically inactive.

The term “resolution” refers to the separation or concentration or depletion of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a molecule. Optical isomers of a Compound of Formula (I) can be obtained by known techniques such as chiral chromatography or formation of diastereomeric salts from an optically active acid or base.

Optical purity can be stated in terms of enantiomeric excess (% ee), which is determined by the formula:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {ee}} = {\left\lbrack \frac{{{major}\mspace{14mu} {enantiomer}\mspace{14mu} ({mol})} - {{minor}\mspace{14mu} {enantiomer}\mspace{14mu} ({mol})}}{{{major}\mspace{14mu} {enantiomer}\mspace{14mu} ({mol})} + {{minor}\mspace{14mu} {enantiomer}\mspace{14mu} ({mol})}} \right\rbrack \times 100\mspace{11mu} {\%.}}$

The term “MeOH” means methanol, i.e., methyl alcohol.

The term “EtOH” means ethanol, i.e., ethyl alcohol.

The term “t-BuOH” means tert-butyl alcohol, i.e., 2-methylpropan-2-ol.

The term “THF” means tetrahydrofuran.

The term “DMF” means N,N-dimethylformamide.

The term “DCM” means methylene chloride, i.e., dichloromethane.

The term “DCE” means dichloroethane.

The term “DME” means 1,2-dimethoxyethane, i.e., ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.

The term “EtOAc” means ethyl acetate.

The term “NH₄OH” means ammonium hydroxide.

The term “TEA” means triethylamine.

The term “MeCN” means acetonitrile.

The term “NaH” means sodium hydride.

The term “AcOH” means acetic acid.

The term “DMSO” means dimethylsulfoxide, i.e., methylsulfinylmethane.

The term “DIEA” means diisopropylethylamine, i.e., N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine.

The term “BuLi” means butyl lithium.

The term “BOC” means tert-butyloxycarbonyl:

The term “HOBT” means 1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate.

The term “EDCI” means 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide.

The term “IBD” means inflammatory-bowel disease.

The term “IBS” means irritable-bowel syndrome.

The term “ALS” means amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The phrase “effective amount,” when used in connection with a Compound of Formula (I) means an amount effective for: (a) treating or preventing a Condition or symptom thereof; (b) detectably inhibiting TRPV1 receptor function in a cell, or (c) detectably activating TRPV1 receptor function in a cell.

The phrase “effective amount,” when used in connection with an other therapeutic agent or a second therapeutic agent means an amount for providing the therapeutic effect of the second therapeutic agent.

The phrase “therapeutic index,” describes the gap between the dose that is effective, and the dose that induces adverse effects.

The terms “modulate”, “modulating”, and the like as used herein with respect to the TRPV1 receptor mean the mediation of a pharmacodynamic response (e.g., analgesia) in an animal from (i) inhibiting or activating the receptor, or (ii) directly or indirectly affecting the normal regulation of the receptor activity. Compounds that modulate the receptor activity include agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, mixed agonists/antagonists, mixed partial agonists/antagonists and compounds which directly or indirectly affect regulation of the receptor activity.

As used herein, a compound that binds to a receptor and mimics the regulatory effect(s) of an endogenous ligand is defined as an “agonist”. As used herein, a compound that binds to a receptor and is only partly effective as an agonist is defined as a “partial agonist”. As used herein, a compound that binds to a receptor but produces no regulatory effect, but rather blocks binding of another agent to the receptor is defined as an “antagonist”. (See Ross and Kenakin, Pharmacodynamics: Mechanisms of Drug Action and the Relationship Between Drug Concentration and Effect, Chapter 2 in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 31-32 (Hardman et al., eds., 10^(th) ed. 2001).

The phrases “treatment of,” “treating” and the like include the amelioration or cessation of a Condition or a symptom thereof. In one embodiment, treating includes inhibiting, for example, decreasing the overall frequency of episodes of a Condition or a symptom thereof.

The phrases “prevention of,” “preventing” and the like include the avoidance of the onset of a Condition or a symptom thereof.

A “disorder” includes, but is not limited to, the Conditions defined above.

In the event of doubt as to the agreement of a depicted chemical structure and a chemical name, the depicted chemical structure governs.

It is appreciated that various features of the disclosure which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, can also be provided in combination in a single embodiment unless otherwise specifically herein excluded. Conversely, various features of the disclosure which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, can also be provided separately and/or in any suitable subcombination unless otherwise specifically herein excluded.

4.4 METHODS FOR MAKING COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA (I)

The Compounds of Formula (I) can be made using conventional organic synthesis or by the illustrative methods shown in the Schemes below.

4.4.1 Methods for Installing a Vinyl Group on Substituted Pyridine

4.4.1.1 Suzuki Coupling

The introduction of a vinyl group by a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction is exemplified in Scheme 1 below, where R₁ and R₄ are as defined above, L is a -halo, and each R₅ is independently selected from —(C₁-C₄)alkyl or both R (groups together form a —CH₂—CH₂— or a —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— group linking each oxygen atom and the boron atom to which they are attached into a ring, which ring can be optionally substituted by one or more —CH₃ groups.

In one embodiment, the leaving groups (L) at the 2-position and 5-position on the pyridine ring of a compound of formula 1 can be selected to be the same halogen atom, e.g., each is bromine, or, in another embodiment, can be selected to be different halogen atoms. For example, the leaving group in the 2-position of the pyridine ring of the compound of formula 1 can be —Cl while the leaving group in the 5-position of the pyridine ring can be —Br. Examples of boronate esters 2 include, but are not limited to, 4,4,6-trimethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane, 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane, and di-n-butyl vinyl boronic ester. The reaction is carried out in a suitable organic solvent (e.g., THF or DMF) in the presence of an excess of tetra(n-butyl)ammonium fluoride (TBAF).

In an alternative embodiment, CsF can be used instead of TBAF. Examples of palladium catalysts include, but are not limited to, [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (Pd(DPPF)Cl₂) and bis(triphenylphosphine)dichloropalladium(II) (Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂). The reaction can be carried out in the presence of a base, such as potassium carbonate. The compounds of formula 1 are commercially available or can be prepared by procedures known in the art.

4.4.1.2 Oxidation Followed by Wittig Olefination

An alternative technique for installation of a vinyl group is shown in Scheme 2 below, where R₁ and L are as defined above

The first step involves the oxidation of an alcohol group of the compound of formula 4 to an aldehyde, thereby producing a compound of formula 5. The aldehyde group of the compound of formula 5 is then converted into a vinyl group by a Wittig olefination reaction to provide the compound of formula 6. The compounds of formula 4 are commercially available or can be prepared by procedures known in the art.

4.4.1.3 Reduction Followed by Dehydration

An alternative technique for installation of a vinyl group is shown in Scheme 3 below, where R₁, R₄, and L are as defined above.

The first step involves the reduction of the ketone group of the compound of formula 7 to the hydroxyl group of a compound of formula 8. Following addition of p-toluene sulfonic acid, the compound of formula 8 is dehydrated to produce a compound of formula 3. The compounds of formula 7 are commercially available or can be prepared by procedures known in the art.

4.4.2 Methods for Preparing Diols

4.4.2.1 Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Vinyl Substituted Pyridines

Asymmetric dihydroxylation can be carried out as illustrated in Scheme 4 below, where a compound of formula 3 is shown as the starting material and where R₁, R₄, and L are as defined above. The compound of formula 6 could also serve as the starting material in Scheme 4.

As demonstrated in Scheme 4, the stereochemistry of the resulting diol depends upon the chirality of the ligand used in the AD mix as described in, e.g., Sharpless et al., J. Org. Chem. 57:2768-2771 (1992) and Schemes 1.14 and 1.15 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0170868 A1. AD-mix is composed of the following components: potassium osmate (K₂OsO₂(OH)₄), potassium ferricyanide (K₃Fe(CN)₆), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), and the chiral ligands as shown in Scheme 5. In one embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having an enantiomeric excess (ee) of at least about 80%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having a % ee of at least about 90%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having a % ee of at least about 93%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having a % ee of at least about 94%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having a % ee of at least about 95%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having a % ee of greater than 95% (e.g., 95.1% to 99.9%). In another embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having a % ee of at least about 96%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having a % ee of greater than 96% (e.g., 96.1% to 99.9%). In another embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having a % ee of at least about 97%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a chiral diol having a % ee of greater than 97% (e.g., 97.1% to 99.9%).

4.4.2.2 Preparation of Chiral Diols Via Weinreb Amides

Diastereomers of the compounds of formulas 10a and 10b can be prepared by an alternative synthetic route. An example of such an alternative route is depicted in Schemes 6-10, below. A Weinreb amide of formula 14 is first prepared by conventional means, as shown in Scheme 6.

In Scheme 6, protection of the hydroxyl group of the compound of formula 11 with a tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) group followed by hydrolysis provides a compound of formula 12. Reaction of a compound of formula 12 with a compound of formula 13 (where WSC is 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl-3-ethyl-carbodiimide) provides a compound of formula 14. The compounds of formulae 11 and 13 are commercially available or can be prepared by procedures known in the art.

The compound of formula 14 is then reacted with a compound of formula 1 in the presence of iso-propylmagnesium chloride and lithium chloride to produce a compound of formula 15, as shown in Scheme 7, where R₁ and L are as defined above.

Diastereoselective reduction of the compound of formula 15 with the organoborane reducing agent L-selectride produces a compound of formula 16, as shown in Scheme 8.

The reaction is preferentially carried out in a mixed solvent system such as hexane/THF at a low temperature (e.g., −78° C.).

The compound of formula 16 is then reacted with 4-nitrobenzoic acid in the presence of triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) to produce a compound of formula 17, as shown in Scheme 9.

Basic hydrolysis of the compound of formula 17 followed by removal of the TBS group provides a compound of formula 10c′ as shown in Scheme 10, where the “prime” suffix (“′”) denotes that R₄ is —CH₃. The enantiomeric excess (ee) of the compound of formula 10c′ is at least about 80% and/or the % ee values as set forth above with respect to Scheme 4.

It will be appreciated that when the enantiomer of the compound of formula 11 (see Scheme 6), i.e., compound 11a, is used as a starting material, then the enantiomer of the compound of formula 10c′, i.e., compound 10d′, is produced as shown in Scheme 11 by following the steps as depicted in Schemes 6-10.

The enantiomeric excess (ee) of the compound of formula 10d′ is at least about 80% and/or the % ee values as set forth above with respect to Scheme 4. The compounds of formula 11 a are commercially available or can be prepared by procedures known in the art.

4.4.2.3 Preparation of Racemic Diols

Racemic diols can be prepared by methods known in the art using osmium tetroxide (OsO₄) and N-methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMO) in an aqueous acetone solution.

4.4.3 Methods for Coupling Substituted Pyridines to Piperazines

A compound of formula 18 can be prepared by addition of a compound of formula 10 to a compound of formula 19 in the presence of a palladium catalyst, as depicted in Scheme 12, where R₁, R₄, m, and L are as defined above.

It will be appreciated that in accordance with the disclosure, the compound of formula 19 has one of the following structures:

The compounds of formula 19 are commercially available or can be prepared by procedures known in the art. It will be further appreciated that the compound of formula 19 can be reacted with a compound of formula 10a, 10b, 10c′, or 10d′ to produce a compound of formula 18a, 18b, 18c′, or 18d′, respectively.

In an alternative embodiment, the compound of formula 18 can be obtained as shown in Scheme 13, where R₁, R₄, m, and L are as defined above and P_(N) is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., BOC).

In this embodiment, the hydroxyl groups of the compound of formula 10 are protected to provide a compound of formula 20 prior to coupling the compound of formula 20 to the compound of formula 21. Such protection is accomplished through the addition to the compound of formula 10 of 2,2-dimethoxypropane in the presence of para-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA) to provide the compound of formula 20. The compound of formula 20 is then reacted with a compound of formula 21 in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base to provide a compound of formula 22. The compound of formula 22 is then reacted with an excess of acid, e.g., HCl, to provide the deprotected compound of formula 18. It will be appreciated that in accordance with the disclosure, the compound of formula 21 has one of the following structures:

The compounds of formula 21 are commercially available or can be prepared by procedures known in the art. It will be further appreciated that the compound of formula 10 can be replaced with the compound of formula 10a, 10b, 10c′, or 10d′ in Scheme 13 to produce a compound of formula 18a, 18b, 18c′, or 18d′, respectively. In these embodiments, the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the compound of formula 18a (or 18b or 18c′ or 18d′) is at least about 80% and/or the % ee values as set forth above with respect to Scheme 4.

4.4.4 Methods for Preparing Benzothiazol-2-Amines of Formula 23

A compound of formula 23 can be prepared by the addition of potassium thiocyanate, bromine, and acetic acid to a compound of formula 24 as depicted in Scheme 14, where R₈ and R₉ are as defined above. The compound of formula 23 is precipitated from solution following the addition of ammonium hydroxide. The compounds of formula 24 are commercially available or can be prepared by procedures known in the art.

4.4.5 Methods for Preparing Carboxamides of Formula 26

A compound of formula 26 can be prepared by adding a compound of formula 23 to a compound of formula 25 in the presence of a base, such as TEA or DIEA, as depicted in Scheme 15, where R₁, R₄, R₈, R₉, and m are as defined above and each L₂ is a leaving group independently selected from phenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, and imidazol-1-yl. The compounds of formula 25 are commercially available or can be prepared by procedures known in the art.

4.4.6 Methods for Preparing Piperazine Derivatives of Formula (I)

A Compound of Formula (I) can be prepared by adding a compound of Formula 26 to a compound of formula 18 as depicted in Scheme 16, where R₁, R₄, R₈, R₉, m, and L₂ are as defined above.

In certain embodiments, the reaction is carried out in DCM or an aprotic organic solvent. In certain embodiments, a compound of formula 18a, 18b, 18c′, or 18d′ is treated with a compound of formula 26 to produce an enantiomerically enriched diol, as exemplified in non-limiting Scheme 17 for a compound of formula 18a, where R₁, R₄, R₈, R₉, m, and L₂ are as defined above. In these embodiments, the enantiomeric excess (ee) of the Compound of Formula (I) is at least about 80%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a Compound of Formula (I) having a % ee of at least about 90%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a Compound of Formula (I) having a % ee of at least about 93%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a Compound of Formula (I) having a % ee of at least about 94%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a Compound of Formula (I) having a % ee of at least about 95%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a Compound of Formula (I) having a % ee of greater than 95% (e.g., 95.1% to 99.9%). In another embodiment, the reaction produces a Compound of Formula (I) having a % ee of at least about 96%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a Compound of Formula (I) having a % ee of greater than 96% (e.g., 96.1% to 99.9%). In another embodiment, the reaction produces a Compound of Formula (I) having a % ee of at least about 97%. In another embodiment, the reaction produces a Compound of Formula (1) having a % ee of greater than 97% (e.g., 97.1% to 99.9%).

It will be appreciated that alternative methods can be used to prepare Compounds of Formula (I). For example, as shown in Scheme 18 a compound of formula 3 can be added to a compound of formula 21 to produce a compound of formula 27, e.g., by the method of step 2 of Scheme 13, where R₁, R₄, m, and P_(N) are as defined above.

The compound of formula 27 is then dihydroxylated, e.g., by the method of Scheme 4, Schemes 6-10, or Scheme 11, to produce a compound of formula 28 as shown in Scheme 19, where R₁, R₄, m, and P_(N) are as defined above.

For example, the reaction depicted in Scheme 19 can be carried out in enantioselective manner using reaction conditions described in Scheme 4. Alternatively, a racemic diol can be prepared by methods known in the art using osmium tetroxide (OsO₄) and N-methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMO) in an aqueous acetone solution.

As depicted in Scheme 20, where R₁, R₄, R₈, R₉, m, P_(N), and L₂ are as defined above, the compound of formula 28 is deprotected with an excess of acid, e.g., HCl, to provide a compound of formula 18, e.g., by the method of step 3 of Scheme 13. Reaction of the compound of formula 18 with a compound of formula 26 in the presence of a base (see, e.g., Schemes 16 and 17) provides a Compound of Formula (I).

The progress of the reaction(s) above can be monitored using conventional analytical techniques including, but not limited to, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) such as ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. Compounds of Formula (I) can be isolated and further treated if desired. In one embodiment, the Compound of Formula (I) is isolated by removing the solvent under reduced pressure. In another embodiment, the Compound of Formula (I) is isolated by extraction. Compounds of Formula (I) can be further treated, for example, by column chromatography or recrystallization.

Suitable aprotic organic solvents for use in the illustrative methods include, but are not limited to, DCM, DMSO, chloroform, toluene, benzene, acetonitrile, carbon tetrachloride, pentane, hexane, ligroin, and diethyl ether. In one embodiment, the aprotic organic solvent is DCM.

One or more hydrogen, carbon, or other atom(s) of a Compound of Formula (I) can be replaced by an isotope of the hydrogen, carbon, or other atom(s). Such compounds, which are encompassed by the disclosure, are useful, e.g., as research and diagnostic tools in metabolism pharmacokinetic studies and in binding assays.

4.5 THERAPEUTIC USES OF COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA (I)

In accordance with the disclosure, the Compounds of Formula (I) are administered to an animal in need of treatment or prevention of a Condition.

In one embodiment, an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by inhibiting TRPV1. Examples of Conditions that are treatable or preventable by inhibiting TRPV1 include, but are not limited to, pain, e.g., pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, and/or IBS.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be used to treat or prevent acute or chronic pain. Examples of pain that can be treated or prevented using a Compound of Formula (I) include, but are not limited to, cancer pain, neuropathic pain, labor pain, myocardial infarction pain, pancreatic pain, colic pain, post-operative pain, headache pain, muscle pain, arthritic pain, and pain associated with a periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can also be used for treating or preventing pain associated with inflammation or with an inflammatory disease in an animal. Such pain can arise where there is an inflammation of the body tissue which can be a local inflammatory response and/or a systemic inflammation. For example, the Compounds of Formula (I) can be used to treat or prevent pain associated with inflammatory diseases including, but not limited to: organ transplant rejection; reoxygenation injury resulting from organ transplantation (see Grupp et al., “Protection against Hypoxia-reoxygenation in the Absence of Poly (ADP-ribose) Synthetase in Isolated Working Hearts,” J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 31:297-303 (1999)) including, but not limited to, transplantation of the heart, lung, liver, or kidney; chronic inflammatory diseases of the joints, including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone diseases associated with increased bone resorption; inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ileitis, ulcerative colitis, Barrett's syndrome, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic obstructive airway disease; inflammatory diseases of the eye, including corneal dystrophy, trachoma, onchocerciasis, uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmitis and endophthalmitis; chronic inflammatory diseases of the gum, including gingivitis and periodontitis; tuberculosis; leprosy; inflammatory diseases of the kidney, including uremic complications, glomerulonephritis and nephrosis; inflammatory diseases of the skin, including sclerodermatitis, psoriasis and eczema; inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, including chronic demyelinating diseases of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis, AIDS-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer s disease, infectious meningitis, encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and viral or autoimmune encephalitis; autoimmune diseases, including Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus; diabetic complications, including, but not limited to, diabetic cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, nephropathy (such as microalbuminuria and progressive diabetic nephropathy), polyneuropathy, mononeuropathies, autonomic neuropathy, gangrene of the feet, atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease, peripheral arterial disease, nonketotic hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar coma, foot ulcers, joint problems, and a skin or mucous membrane complication (such as an infection, a shin spot, a candidal infection or necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum); immune-complex vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); inflammatory diseases of the heart, such as cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerosis; as well as various other diseases that can have significant inflammatory components, including preeclampsia, chronic liver failure, brain and spinal cord trauma, and cancer. The Compounds of Formula (I) can also be used for inhibiting, treating, or preventing pain associated with inflammatory disease that can, for example, be a systemic inflammation of the body, exemplified by gram-positive or gram negative shock, hemorrhagic or anaphylactic shock, or shock induced by cancer chemotherapy in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., shock associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such shock can be induced, e.g., by a chemotherapeutic agent that is adminstered as a treatment for cancer.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can also be used to treat or prevent pain associated with nerve injury (i.e., neuropathic pain). Chronic neuropathic pain is a heterogenous disease state with an unclear etiology. In chronic neuropathic pain, the pain can be mediated by multiple mechanisms. This type of pain generally arises from injury to the peripheral or central nervous tissue. The syndromes include pain associated with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, phantom pain, causalgia, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy and lower back pain. The chronic pain is different from acute pain in that chronic neuropathic pain patients suffer the abnormal pain sensations that can be described as spontaneous pain, continuous superficial burning and/or deep aching pain. The pain can be evoked by heat-, cold-, and mechano-hyperalgesia, or by heat-, cold-, or mechano-allodynia.

Chronic neuropathic pain can be caused by injury or infection of peripheral sensory nerves. It includes, but is not limited to, pain from peripheral nerve trauma, herpes virus infection, diabetes mellitus, causalgia, plexus avulsion, neuroma, limb amputation, and vasculitis. Neuropathic pain can also be caused by nerve damage from chronic alcoholism, human immunodeficiency virus infection, hypothyroidism, uremia, or vitamin deficiencies. Stroke (spinal or brain) and spinal cord injury can also induce neuropathic pain. Cancer-related neuropathic pain results from tumor growth compression of adjacent nerves, brain, or spinal cord. In addition, cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can cause nerve injury. Neuropathic pain includes but is not limited to pain caused by nerve injury such as, for example, the pain from which diabetics suffer.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be used to treat or prevent a migraine including, but not limited to, migraine without aura (“common migraine”), migraine with aura (“classic migraine”), migraine without headache, basilar migraine, familial hemiplegic migraine, migrainous infarction, and migraine with prolonged aura.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be used to treat or prevent pain associated with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA), also known as osteoarthrosis, degenerative arthritis, or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Examples of OA treatable or preventable using the Compounds of Formula (I) include, but are not limited to, joint pain, joint stiffness, joint tenderness, joint locking, and joint effusion.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be used to treat or prevent UI. Examples of UI treatable or preventable using the Compounds of Formula (I) include, but are not limited to, urge incontinence, stress incontinence, overflow incontinence, neurogenic incontinence, and total incontinence.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be used to treat or prevent an ulcer. Examples of ulcers treatable or preventable using the Compounds of Formula (I) include, but are not limited to, a duodenal ulcer, a gastric ulcer, a marginal ulcer, an esophageal ulcer, or a stress ulcer.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be used to treat or prevent IBD, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be used to treat or prevent IBS. Examples of IBS treatable or preventable using the Compounds of Formula (I) include, but are not limited to, spastic-colon-type IBS and constipation-predominant IBS.

Applicants believe that the Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, are antagonists for TRPV1. The disclosure also relates to methods for inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof. This method can be used in vitro, for example, as an assay to select cells that express TRPV1 and, accordingly, are useful as part of an assay to select compounds useful for treating or preventing pain, e.g., pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS. The method is also useful for inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell in vivo, in an animal, a human in one embodiment, by contacting a cell, in an animal, with an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing UI in an animal. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing an ulcer in an animal. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing IBD in an animal. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing IBS in an animal.

Examples of tissue comprising cells capable of expressing TRPV1 include, but are not limited to, neuronal, brain, kidney, urothelium, and bladder tissue. Methods for assaying cells that express TRPV1 are known in the art.

4.6 THERAPEUTIC/PROPHYLACTIC ADMINISTRATION AND COMPOSITIONS OF THE DISCLOSURE

Due to their activity, Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, are advantageously useful in veterinary and human medicine. As described above, Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, are useful for treating or preventing a Condition.

When administered to an animal, Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, are, in one embodiment, administered as a component of a composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The compositions, which comprise a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be administered orally. Compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can also be administered by any other convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral, rectal, and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and can be administered together with another therapeutically active agent. Administration can be systemic or local. Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, capsules, etc., and can be used to administer the Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof.

Methods of administration include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, rectal, by inhalation, or topical, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The mode of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner. In most instances, administration will result in the release of Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, into the bloodstream.

In specific embodiments, it can be desirable to administer the Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, locally. This can be achieved, for example, and not by way of limitation, by local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository or enema, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.

In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to introduce the Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, into the central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract by any suitable route, including intraventricular, intrathecal, and epidural injection, and enema. Intraventricular injection can be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir.

Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. In certain embodiments, the Compounds of Formula (I) can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and excipients such as triglycerides.

In another embodiment, the Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, “New Methods of Drug Delivery,” Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Lopez-Berestein, “Treatment of Systemic Fungal Infections with Liposomal-Amphotericin B,” Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, pp. 317-327 (1989); and Treat et al., “Liposome encapsulated doxorubicin—preliminary results of phase I and phase II trials” Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer, pp. 353-365 (1989).

In yet another embodiment, the Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be delivered in a controlled-release system or sustained-release system (see, e.g., Goodson, “Dental Applications,” pp. 115-138 in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Vol. 2, Applications and Evaluation, Langer and Wise, eds., CRC Press (1984), hereafter “Goodson”). Other controlled- or sustained-release systems discussed in the review by Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990) can be used. In one embodiment, a pump can be used (Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Sefton, “Implantable Pumps,” in CRC Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 14(3):201-240 (1987); Buchwald et al., “Long-term, Continuous Intravenous Heparin Administration by an Implantable Infusion Pump in Ambulatory Patients with Recurrent Venous Thrombosis,” Surgery 88:507-516 (1980); and Saudek et al., “A Preliminary Trial of the Programmable Implantable Medication System for Insulin Delivery,” New Engl. J Med. 321:574-579 (1989)). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Goodson; Smolen et al., “Drug Product Design and Performance,” Controlled Drug Bioavailability Vol. 1, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1984); Langer et al., “Chemical and Physical Structure of Polymers as Carriers for Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents: A Review,” J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. C23(1):61-126 (1983); Levy et al., “Inhibition of Calcification of Bioprosthetic Heart Valves by Local Controlled-Release Diphosphonate,” Science 228:190-192 (1985); During et al., “Controlled Release of Dopamine from a Polymeric Brain Implant: In Vivo Characterization,” Ann. Neurol. 25:351-356 (1989); and Howard et al., “Intracerebral drug delivery in rats with lesion-induced memory deficits,” J. Neurosurg. 71:105 (1989)). In yet another embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release system can be placed in proximity of a target of the Compounds of Formula (I), e.g., the spinal column, brain, or gastrointestinal tract, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose.

The compositions can optionally comprise a suitable amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient so as to provide the form for proper administration to the animal. Such a pharmaceutical excipient can be a diluent, suspending agent, solubilizer, binder, disintegrant, preservative, coloring agent, lubricant, and the like. The pharmaceutical excipient can be a liquid, such as water or an oil, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, and the like. The pharmaceutical excipient can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating, and coloring agents can be used. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is sterile when administered to an animal. Water is a particularly useful excipient when a Compound of Formula (I) is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid excipients, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients also include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol, and the like. The compositions, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Specific examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and excipients that can be used to formulate oral dosage forms are described in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, (Amer. Pharmaceutical Ass'n, Washington, D.C., 1986), incorporated herein by reference.

The compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, pellets, multiparticulates, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, multiparticulates, sustained-release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use. In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a capsule (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,155). Other examples of suitable pharmaceutical excipients are described by Radebough et al., “Preformulation,” pp. 1447-1676 in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 2 (Gennaro, ed., 19^(th) ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa., 1995), incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the Compounds of Formula (I) are formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a composition adapted for oral administration to human beings. A Compound of Formula (I) to be orally delivered can be in the form of tablets, capsules, gelcaps, caplets, lozenges, aqueous or oily solutions, suspensions, granules, powders, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, for example. When a Compound of Formula (I) is incorporated into oral tablets, such tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric-coated, sugar-coated, film-coated, multiply compressed or multiply layered. Techniques and compositions for making solid oral dosage forms are described in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Tablets (Lieberman et al., eds., 2^(nd) ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1989 & 1990). Techniques and compositions for making tablets (compressed and molded), capsules (hard and soft gelatin) and pills are also described by King, “Tablets, Capsules, and Pills,” pp. 1553-1593 in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Osol, ed., 16^(th) ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa., 1980).

Liquid oral dosage forms include aqueous and nonaqueous solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules, optionally containing one or more suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, coloring agents, flavoring agents, and the like. Techniques and composition for making liquid oral dosage forms are described in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Disperse Systems (Lieberman et al., eds., 2^(nd) ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996 & 1998).

When a Compound of Formula (I) is to be injected parenterally, it can be, e.g., in the form of an isotonic sterile solution. Alternatively, when a Compound of Formula (I) is to be inhaled, it can be formulated into a dry aerosol or can be formulated into an aqueous or partially aqueous solution.

An orally administered Compound of Formula (I) can contain one or more agents, for example, sweetening agents such as fructose, aspartame or saccharin; flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry; coloring agents; and preserving agents, to provide a pharmaceutically palatable preparation. Moreover, where in tablet or pill form, the compositions can be coated to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract thereby providing a sustained action over an extended period of time. Selectively permeable membranes surrounding an osmotically active driving compound are also suitable for orally administered compositions. In these latter platforms, fluid from the environment surrounding the capsule is imbibed by the driving compound, which swells to displace the agent or agent composition through an aperture. These delivery platforms can provide an essentially zero order delivery profile as opposed to the spiked profiles of immediate release formulations. A time-delay material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol stearate can also be used. Oral compositions can include standard excipients such as mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, cellulose, and magnesium carbonate. In one embodiment, the excipients are of pharmaceutical grade.

In another embodiment, the Compounds of Formula (I) can be formulated for intravenous administration. In one embodiment, compositions for intravenous administration comprise sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the compositions can also include a solubilizing agent. A Compound of Formula (I) for intravenous administration can optionally include a local anesthetic such as benzocaine or prilocaine to lessen pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where a Compound of Formula (I) is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed, for example, with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where a Compound of Formula (I) is administered by injection, an ampule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be administered by controlled-release or sustained-release means or by delivery devices that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 4,008,719; 5,674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556; and 5,733,566, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used to provide controlled- or sustained-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, ethylcellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled- or sustained-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients of the disclosure. The disclosure thus encompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled- or sustained-release.

Controlled- or sustained-release pharmaceutical compositions can have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled or non-sustained release counterparts. In one embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release composition comprises a minimal amount of a Compound of Formula (I) to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled- or sustained-release compositions include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition, controlled- or sustained-release compositions can favorably affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the Compound of Formula (I), and can thus reduce the occurrence of adverse side effects.

Controlled- or sustained-release compositions can be designed to immediately release an amount of a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, that promptly produces the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect, and gradually and continually release other amounts of the Compound of Formula (I) to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. To maintain a constant level of the Compound of Formula (I) in the body, the Compound of Formula (I) can be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of Compound of Formula (I) being metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled- or sustained-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions, including but not limited to, changes in pH, changes in temperature, concentration or availability of enzymes, concentration or availability of water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.

The amount of the Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, that is effective in the treatment or prevention of a Condition can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the Condition and can be decided according to the judgment of a practitioner and/or each animal's circumstances. Suitable effective dosage amounts, however, will, in one embodiment, range from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 2500 mg/kg of body weight, although they are, in another embodiment, about 100 mg/kg of body weight or less. In one embodiment, the effective dosage amount ranges from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 100 mg/kg of body weight of a Compound of Formula (I); in another embodiment, about 0.02 mg/kg of body weight to about 50 mg/kg of body weight; and in another embodiment, about 0.025 mg/kg of body weight to about 20 mg/kg of body weight.

In one embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 24 h until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 12 h until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 8 h until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 6 h until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 4 h until the Condition is abated.

The effective dosage amounts described herein refer to total amounts administered; that is, if more than one Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, is administered, the effective dosage amounts correspond to the total amount administered.

Where a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 is contacted with a Compound of Formula (I) in vitro, the amount effective for inhibiting the TRPV1 receptor function in a cell will range from about 0.01 μg/L to about 5 mg/L; in one embodiment, from about 0.01 μg/L to about 2.5 mg/L; in another embodiment, from about 0.01 μg/L to about 0.5 mg/L; and in another embodiment, from about 0.01 μg/L to about 0.25 mg/L, of a solution or suspension of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension comprising the Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, is from about 0.01 μL to about 1 mL. In another embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension is about 200 μL.

The Compounds of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, can be assayed in vitro or in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity prior to use in humans. Animal model systems can be used to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

The methods for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal in need thereof can further comprise administering to the animal being administered a Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof (i.e., a first therapeutic agent) a second therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the second therapeutic agent is administered in an effective amount. In one embodiment, the second therapeutic agent is administered in an effective amount.

The methods for inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 can further comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent.

An effective amount of the second therapeutic agent(s) will be known to those skilled the art depending on the agent. However, it is well within the skilled artisan's purview to determine the second therapeutic agent's optimal effective-amount range. A Compound of Formula (I) and the second therapeutic agent combined can act either additively or synergistically to treat the same Condition, or they can act independently of each other such that the Compound of Formula (I) treats or prevents a first Condition and the second therapeutic agent treats or prevents a second disorder, which can be the same as the first Condition or another disorder. In one embodiment of the disclosure, where a second therapeutic agent is administered to an animal for treatment of a Condition (e.g., pain), the minimal effective amount of the Compound of Formula (I) will be less than its minimal effective amount would be where the second therapeutic agent is not administered. In this embodiment, the Compound of Formula (I) and the second therapeutic agent can act synergistically to treat or prevent a Condition. In one embodiment, a Compound of Formula (I) is administered concurrently with a second therapeutic agent as a single composition comprising an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) and an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. Alternatively, a composition comprising an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) and a second composition comprising an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent are concurrently administered. In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) is administered prior or subsequent to administration of an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent. In this embodiment, the Compound of Formula (I) is administered while the second therapeutic agent exerts its therapeutic effect, or the second therapeutic agent is administered while the Compound of Formula (I) exerts its therapeutic effect for treating or preventing a Condition.

The second therapeutic agent can be, but is not limited to, an opioid agonist, a non-opioid analgesic, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent, an antimigraine agent, a Cox-II inhibitor, an antiemetic, a β-adrenergic blocker, an anticonvulsant, an antidepressant, a Ca²⁺-channel blocker, an anticancer agent, an agent for treating or preventing UI, an agent for treating or preventing an ulcer, an agent for treating or preventing IBD, an agent for treating or preventing IBS, an agent for treating addictive disorder, an agent for treating Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism, an agent for treating anxiety, an agent for treating epilepsy, an agent for treating a stroke, an agent for treating a seizure, an agent for treating a pruritic condition, an agent for treating psychosis, an agent for treating Huntington's chorea, an agent for treating ALS, an agent for treating a cognitive disorder, an agent for treating a migraine, an agent for treating vomiting, an agent for treating dyskinesia, an agent for treating depression, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful opioid agonists include, but are not limited to, alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, papaveretum, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine, tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, or any mixture thereof.

In certain embodiments, the opioid agonist is codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, morphine, tramadol, oxymorphone, pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful non-opioid analgesics include, but are not limited to, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, piroprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen, trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid, diflurisal, flufenisal, piroxicam, sudoxicam, isoxicam, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof. Other suitable non-opioid analgesics include the following, non-limiting, chemical classes of analgesic, antipyretic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: salicylic acid derivatives, including aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline magnesium trisalicylate, salsalate, diflunisal, salicylsalicylic acid, sulfasalazine, and olsalazin; para-aminophenol derivatives including acetaminophen and phenacetin; indole and indene acetic acids, including indomethacin, sulindac, and etodolac; heteroaryl acetic acids, including tolmetin, diclofenac, and ketorolac; anthranilic acids (fenamates), including mefenamic acid and meclofenamic acid; enolic acids, including oxicams (piroxicam, tenoxicam), and pyrazolidinediones (phenylbutazone, oxyphenthartazone); alkanones, including nabumetone; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof. For a more detailed description of the NSAIDs, see Insel, “Analgesic-Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout,” pp. 617-657 in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Goodman et al., Eds., 9^(th) Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 1996), and Hanson, “Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs,” pp. 1196-1221 in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Vol 2 (Gennaro, ed., 19^(th) ed., Mack Publishing, Easton, Pa., 1995), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Examples of useful antimigraine agents include, but are not limited to, alpiropride, bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, dolasetron, ergocornine, ergocorninine, ergocryptine, ergonovine, ergot, ergotamine, flumedroxone acetate, fonazine, ketanserin, lisuride, lomerizine, methylergonovine, methysergide, metoprolol, naratriptan, oxetorone, pizotyline, propranolol, risperidone, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, timolol, trazodone, zolmitriptan, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, as well as combinations thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,839, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, celecoxib, DUP-697, flosulide, meloxicam, 6-MNA, L-745337, rofecoxib, nabumetone, nimesulide, NS-398, SC-5766, T-614, L-768277, GR-253035, JTE-522, RS-57067-000, SC-58125, SC-078, PD-138387, NS-398, flosulide, D-1367, SC-5766, PD-164387, etoricoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

The second therapeutic agent can also be an agent useful for reducing any potential side effects of a Compound of Formula (I). For example, the second therapeutic agent can be an antiemetic agent. Examples of useful antiemetic agents include, but are not limited to, metoclopromide, domperidone, prochlorperazine, promethazine, chlorpromazine, trimethobenzamide, ondansetron, granisetron, hydroxyzine, acetylleucine monoethanolamine, alizapride, azasetron, benzquinamide, bietanautine, bromopride, buclizine, clebopride, cyclizine, dimenhydrinate, diphenidol, dolasetron, meclizine, methallatal, metopimazine, nabilone, oxyperndyl, pipamazine, scopolamine, sulpiride, tetrahydrocannabinol, thiethylperazine, thioproperazine, tropisetron, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful β-adrenergic blockers include, but are not limited to, acebutolol, alprenolol, amosulabol, arotinolol, atenolol, befunolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, bopindolol, bucumolol, bufetolol, bufuralol, bunitrolol, bupranolol, butidrine hydrochloride, butofilolol, carazolol, carteolol, carvedilol, celiprolol, cetamolol, cloranolol, dilevalol, epanolol, esmolol, indenolol, labetalol, levobunolol, mepindolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, moprolol, nadolol, nadoxolol, nebivalol, nifenalol, nipradilol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindolol, practolol, pronethalol, propranolol, sotalol, sulfinalol, talinolol, tertatolol, tilisolol, timolol, toliprolol, xibenolol, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful anticonvulsants include, but are not limited to, acetylpheneturide, albutoin, aloxidone, aminoglutethimide, 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, atrolactamide, beclamide, buramate, calcium bromide, carbamazepine, cinromide, clomethiazole, clonazepam, decimemide, diethadione, dimethadione, doxenitroin, eterobarb, ethadione, ethosuximide, ethotoin, felbamate, fluoresone, gabapentin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, lamotrigine, magnesium bromide, magnesium sulfate, mephenytoin, mephobarbital, metharbital, methetoin, methsuximide, 5-methyl-5-(3-phenanthryl)-hydantoin, 3-methyl-5-phenylhydantoin, narcobarbital, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, oxcarbazepine, paramethadione, phenacemide, phenetharbital, pheneturide, phenobarbital, phensuximide, phenylmethylbarbituric acid, phenytoin, phethenylate sodium, potassium bromide, pregabaline, primidone, progabide, sodium bromide, solanum, strontium bromide, suclofenide, sulthiame, tetrantoin, tiagabine, topiramate, trimethadione, valproic acid, valpromide, vigabatrin, zonisamide, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful antidepressants include, but are not limited to, binedaline, caroxazone, citalopram, (S)-citalopram, dimethazan, fencamine, indalpine, indeloxazine hydrocholoride, nefopam, nomifensine, oxitriptan, oxypertine, paroxetine, sertraline, thiazesim, trazodone, benmoxine, iproclozide, iproniazid, isocarboxazid, nialamide, octamoxin, phenelzine, cotinine, rolicyprine, rolipram, maprotiline, metralindole, mianserin, mirtazepine, adinazolam, amitriptyline, amitriptylinoxide, amoxapine, butriptyline, clomipramine, demexiptiline, desipramine, dibenzepin, dimetacrine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluacizine, imipramine, imipramine N-oxide, iprindole, lofepramine, melitracen, metapramine, nortriptyline, noxiptilin, opipramol, pizotyline, propizepine, protriptyline, quinupramine, tianeptine, trimipramine, adrafinil, benactyzine, bupropion, butacetin, dioxadrol, duloxetine, etoperidone, febarbamate, femoxetine, fenpentadiol, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, hematoporphyrin, hypericin, levophacetoperane, medifoxamine, milnacipran, minaprine, moclobemide, nefazodone, oxaflozane, piberaline, prolintane, pyrisuccideanol, ritanserin, roxindole, rubidium chloride, sulpiride, tandospirone, thozalinone, tofenacin, toloxatone, tranylcypromine, L-tryptophan, venlafaxine, viloxazine, zimeldine, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful Ca²⁺-channel blockers include, but are not limited to, bepridil, clentiazem, diltiazem, fendiline, gallopamil, mibefradil, prenylamine, semotiadil, terodiline, verapamil, amlodipine, aranidipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, efonidipine, elgodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipiie, nitrendipine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, lidoflazine, lomerizine, bencyclane, etafenone, fantofarone, perhexiline, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful anticancer agents include, but are not limited to, acivicin, aclarubicin, acodazole hydrochloride, acronine, adozelesin, aldesleukin, altretamine, ambomycin, ametantrone acetate, aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, anthramycin, asparaginase, asperlin, azacitidine, azetepa, azotomycin, batimastat, benzodepa, bicalutamide, bisantrene hydrochloride, bisnafide dimesylate, bizelesin, bleomycin sulfate, brequinar sodium, bropirimine, busulfan, cactinomycin, calusterone, caracemide, carbetimer, carboplatin, carmustine, carubicin hydrochloride, carzelesin, cedefingol, chlorambucil, cirolemycin, cisplatin, cladribine, crisnatol mesylate, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin hydrochloride, decitabine, dexormaplatin, dezaguanine, dezaguanine mesylate, diaziquone, docetaxel, doxorubicin, doxorubicin hydrochloride, droloxifene, droloxifene citrate, dromostanolone propionate, duazomycin, edatrexate, eflornithine hydrochloride, elsamitrucin, enloplatin, enpromate, epipropidine, epirubicin hydrochloride, erbulozole, esorubicin hydrochloride, estramustine, estramustine phosphate sodium, etanidazole, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, etoprine, fadrozole hydrochloride, fazarabine, fenretinide, floxuridine, fludarabine phosphate, fluorouracil, flurocitabine, fosquidone, fostriecin sodium, gemcitabine, gemcitabine hydrochloride, hydroxyurea, idarubicin hydrochloride, ifosfamide, ilmofosine, interleukin II (including recombinant interleukin II or rIL2), interferon alpha-2a, interferon alpha-2b, interferon alpha-n1, interferon alpha-n3, interferon beta-I a, interferon gamma-I b, iproplatin, irinotecan hydrochloride, lanreotide acetate, letrozole, leuprolide acetate, liarozole hydrochloride, lometrexol sodium, lomustine, losoxantrone hydrochloride, masoprocol, maytansine, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate, melphalan, menogaril, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methotrexate sodium, metoprine, meturedepa, mitindomide, mitocarcin, mitocromin, mitogillin, mitomalcin, mitomycin, mitosper, mitotane, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mycophenolic acid, nocodazole, nogalamycin, ormaplatin, oxisuran, paclitaxel, pegaspargase, peliomycin, pentamustine, peplomycin sulfate, perfosfamide, pipobroman, piposulfan, piroxantrone hydrochloride, plicamycin, plomestane, porfimer sodium, porfiromycin, prednimustine, procarbazine hydrochloride, puromycin, puromycin hydrochloride, pyrazofurin, riboprine, rogletimide, safingol, safingol hydrochloride, semustine, simtrazene, sparfosate sodium, sparsomycin, spirogermanium hydrochloride, spiromustine, spiroplatin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, sulofenur, talisomycin, tecogalan sodium, tegafur, teloxantrone hydrochloride, temoporfmin, teniposide, teroxirone, testolactone, thiamiprine, thioguanine, thiotepa, tiazofurin, tirapazamine, toremifene citrate, trestolone acetate, triciribine phosphate, trimetrexate, trimetrexate glucuronate, triptorelin, tubulozole hydrochloride, uracil mustard, uredepa, vapreotide, verteporfin, vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate, vindesine, vindesine sulfate, vinepidine sulfate, vinglycinate sulfate, vinleurosine sulfate, vinorelbine tartrate, vinrosidine sulfate, vinzolidine sulfate, vorozole, zeniplatin, zinostatin, zorubicin hydrochloride, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of other anticancer drugs include, but are not limited to, 20-epi-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives; beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives; canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorlns; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A; cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemnin B; deslorelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil; diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; 9-dihydrotaxol; dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; docetaxel; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflornithine; elemene; emitefur; epirubicin; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; 4-ipomeanol; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine; lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; mifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipid A+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor l-based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; O6-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; paclitaxel; paclitaxel analogues; paclitaxel derivatives; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine; pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone; propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor; protein kinase C inhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine; pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate; raf antagonists; raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors; ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re 186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RII retinamide; rogletimide; rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B1; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics; semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen binding protein; sizofiran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene bichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; zinostatin stimalamer, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing UI include, but are not limited to, propantheline, imipramine, hyoscyamine, oxybutynin, dicyclomine, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing an ulcer include, antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium bicarbonate; sucraflate; bismuth compounds such as bismuth subsalicylate and bismuth subcitrate; H₂ antagonists such as cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine; H⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitors such as omeprazole, iansoprazole, and lansoprazole; carbenoxolone; misprostol; antibiotics such as tetracycline, metronidazole, timidazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing IBD include, but are not limited to, anticholinergic drugs; diphenoxylate; loperamide; deodorized opium tincture; codeine; broad-spectrum antibiotics such as metronidazole; sulfasalazine; olsalazie; mesalamine; prednisone; azathioprine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing IBS include, but are not limited to, propantheline; muscarine receptor antogonists such as pirenzapine, methoctramine, ipratropium, tiotropium, scopolamine, methscopolamine, homatropine, homatropine methylbromide, and methantheline; antidiarrheal drugs such as diphenoxylate and loperamide; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing an addictive disorder include, but are not limited to, methadone, desipramine, amantadine, fluoxetine, buprenorphine, an opiate agonist, 3-phenoxypyridine, levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride, serotonin antagonists, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism include, but are not limited to, carbidopa/levodopa, pergolide, bromocriptine, ropinirole, pramipexole, entacapone, tolcapone, selegiline, amantadine, trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing anxiety include, but are not limited to, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, demoxepam, diazepam, estazolam, flumazenil, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, tanazepam, and triazolam; non-benzodiazepine agents, such as buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tiospirone, zolpicone, zolpidem, and zaleplon; tranquilizers, such as barbituates, e.g., amobarbital, aprobarbital, butabarbital, butalbital, mephobarbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and thiopental; propanediol carbamates, such as meprobamate and tybamate; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing epilepsy include, but are not limited to, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, benzodiazepines, γ vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, felbamate, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing stroke include, but are not limited to, anticoagulants such as heparin, agents that break up clots such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator, agents that reduce swelling such as mannitol or corticosteroids, acetylsalicylic acid, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing a seizure include, but are not limited to, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrignine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, bemzodiaepines, gabapentin, lamotrigine, γ-vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, felbamate, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing a pruritic condition include, but are not limited to, naltrexone; nalmefene; danazol; tricyclics such as amitriptyline, imipramine, and doxepin; antidepressants such as those given below, menthol; camphor; phenol; pramoxine; capsaicin; tar; steroids; antihistamines; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing psychosis include, but are not limited to, phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine hydrochloride, mesoridazine besylate, and thoridazine hydrochloride; thioxanthenes such as chloroprothixene and thiothixene hydrochloride; clozapine; risperidone; olanzapine; quetiapine; quetiapine fumarate; haloperidol; haloperidol decanoate; loxapine succinate; molindone hydrochloride; pimozide; ziprasidone; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing Huntington's chorea include, but are not limited to, haloperidol, pimozide, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing ALS include, but are not limited to, baclofen, neurotrophic factors, riluzole, tizanidine, benzodiazepines such as clonazepan, dantrolene, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing cognitive disorders include, but are not limited to, agents for treating or preventing dementia such as tacrine; donepezil; ibuprofen; antipsychotic drugs such as thioridazine and haloperidol; antidepressant drugs such as those given above; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing a migraine include, but are not limited to, alpiropride, bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, dolasetron, ergocornine, ergocorninine, ergocryptine, ergonovine, ergot, ergotamine, flumedroxone acetate, fonazine, ketanserin, lisuride, lomerizine, methylergonovine, methysergide, metoprolol, naratriptan, oxetorone, pizotyline, propranolol, risperidone, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, timolol, trazodone, zolmitriptan, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing vomiting include, but are not limited to, 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists such as ondansetron, dolasetron, granisetron, and tropisetron; dopamine receptor antagonists such as prochlorperazine, thiethylperazine, chlorpromazin, metoclopramide, and domperidone; glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone; benzodiazepines such as lorazepam and alprazolam; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing dyskinesia include, but are not limited to, reserpine, tetrabenazine, a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, or any mixture thereof.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing depression include, but are not limited to, tricyclic antidepressants such as amitryptyline, amoxapine, bupropion, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotilinr, nefazadone, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trazodone, trimipramine, and venlaflaxine; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as citalopram, (S)-citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and setraline; monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid, pargyline, phenelzine, and tranylcypromine; psychostimulants such as dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate; a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof; or any mixture thereof.

A Compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof, and the second therapeutic agent can act additively or, in one embodiment, synergistically. In one embodiment, a Compound of Formula (I) is administered concurrently with a second therapeutic agent; for example, a composition comprising an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) and an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent can be administered. Alternatively, a composition comprising an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) and a different composition comprising an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent can be concurrently administered. In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) is administered prior or subsequent to administration of an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent. In this embodiment, the Compound of Formula (I) is administered while the second therapeutic agent exerts its therapeutic effect, or the second therapeutic agent is administered while the Compound of Formula (I) exerts its therapeutic effect for treating or preventing a Condition.

A composition of the disclosure is prepared by a method comprising admixing a Compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Admixing can be accomplished using methods known for admixing a compound (or derivative) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the Compound of Formula (I) is present in the composition in an effective amount.

4.7 KITS

The disclosure further provides kits that can simplify the handling and administration of a Compound of Formula (I) to an animal.

In one embodiment, a kit of the disclosure comprises a unit dosage form of a Compound of Formula (I). In one embodiment, the unit dosage form comprises a first container, which can be sterile, containing an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The kit can further comprise a label or printed instructions instructing the use of the Compound of Formula (I) to treat or prevent a Condition. The kit can further comprise a unit dosage form of a second therapeutic agent, for example, a second container containing an effective amount of the second therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In another embodiment, the kit comprises a container containing an effective amount of a Compound of Formula (I), an effective amount of a second therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, carrier, or excipient. Examples of second therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, those listed above.

Kits of the disclosure can further comprise a device that is useful for administering the unit dosage forms. Examples of such a device include, but are not limited to, a syringe, a drip bag, a patch, an inhaler, and an enema bag.

The following examples are set forth to assist in understanding the invention and should not be construed as specifically limiting the invention described and claimed herein. Such variations of the invention, including the substitution of all equivalents now known or later developed, that would be within the purview of those skilled in the art, and changes in formulation or changes in experimental design, are to be considered to fall within the scope of the invention incorporated herein.

5. EXAMPLES

Certain Examples below relate to the synthesis of illustrative Compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II).

5.1 Example 1 Preparation of Compound C126(R)

Tert-butyl 4-(5-bromo-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylate (103)

A reaction mixture of 5-bromo-2-chloro-3-fluoropyridine (101, 8.0 g, 38.02 mmol, Oakwood Products, Inc., West Columbia, S.C.) and tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (102, 7.08 g, 38.02 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) in DMSO (32 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C., poured onto cold 10% aqueous sodium carbonate, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water, washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to provide 15.5 g of a semi-solid. The semi-solid was washed with hexanes and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to provide 7.5 g of a residue. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with a gradient of from 100% hexanes to 10:90 EtOAc:hexanes to provide 103 as a solid (24% yield).

(E)-tert-butyl 4-(3-fluoro-5-(prop-1-enyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (105)

Under an argon atmosphere, to a solution of 103 (3.30 g, 9.16 mmol) and (E)-prop-1-enylboronic acid (104, 0.95 g, 11.0 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) was added a 1M solution of tetra(n-butyl)ammonium fluoride (TBAF) in THF (22 mL, 22.0 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) (Pd(DPPF)Cl₂, 0.075 g, 0.092 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 2 hours, cooled to a temperature of about 25° C., diluted with water, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine and concentrated to provide 3.6 g of a residue. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with EtOAc:hexanes to provide 105 (91% yield).

Tert-butyl 4-(5-((1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (106)

To a solution of 105 (2.67 g, 8.29 mmol) in tert-butanol (80 mL) and water (80 mL) was added methanesulfonamide (0.79 g, 8.29 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich). The mixture was cooled to 5° C. and AD-mix-α (11.50 g, 8.29 mmol) was added to form a reaction mixture. After warming the reaction mixture to a temperature of about 25° C. and stirring for 16 hours, excess solid sodium sulfite was added and the resulting slurry was allowed to stir at 15° C. for 30 min. The mixture was extracted twice with EtOAc. The organic portions were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with 50:50 EtOAc:hexanes and 70:30 EtOAc:hexanes to provide 106 as a solid (>99% yield).

(1S,2S)-1-(5-fluoro-6-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)propane-1,2-diol (107)

To a solution of 106 (3.0 g, 8.65 mmol) in DCM (25 mL) was added 4N HCl in dioxane (2.51 mL, 43.2 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. in a closed vessel for 16 h; a suspension formed. The suspension was stirred with diethyl ether; a solid precipitated. The precipitate was collected by filtration and washed several times with ether to provide 107 (91% yield) as a tan solid which, being >99% pure as analyzed by LC/MS, was used directly in the next step.

4-[5-((1S,2S)-1,2-Dihydroxy-propyl)-3-fluoro-pyridin-2-yl]piperazine-1-carboxylic acid (6-methyl-benzothiazol-2-yl)-amide (Compound C126(r))

A suspension of 107 (200 mg, 0.61 mmol) and N-(6-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide (108, 160 mg, 0.61 mmol) in DCM (6.0 mL) was cooled in an ice bath. Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA, 2.0 mL, Sigma-Aldrich) was added to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 16 hours; a precipitate formed. The precipitate was filtered and washed with DCM. Thereafter, the precipitate was dissolved in 20:80 MeOH:DCM, concentrated on silica, and chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with a gradient of from 30:70 EtOAc:DCM to 80:20 EtOAc:DCM to provide C126(r) as a white solid (24% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.88 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 2.37 (3H, s), 3.38 (4H, m), 3.69 (5H, m), 4.37 (1H, t, J=4.8 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 5.28 (1H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 7.18 (1H, m), 7.44 (1H, d, J=14.3 Hz), 7.52 (1H, br s), 7.66 (1H, br s), 7.97 (1H, s), 11.20 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=446.

Compound 108 was prepared as follows:

To a solution of 6-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (109, 328 mg, 2 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) in DMF (5 mL) was added di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone (110, 357 mg, 2.2 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) at 0° C. Under vigorous stirring, the resulting reaction mixture was slowly allowed to warm to a temperature of about 25° C. over 14 h. A white precipitate formed. The precipitate was collected by filtration under reduced pressure, washed twice with EtOAc (10 mL for each wash), and dried under reduced pressure to provide 108 (yield >99%).

5.2 Example 2 Preparation of Compounds B122(j), B122(k), B122(o), B122(p), B125(j), B125(k), B125(o), B125(p), B155(h), B155(j), B155(o), B158(j), B158(o), C4(r), C123(r), C125(r), and C170(r)

Using procedures similar to those described in Example 1 above, the following Compounds of Formula (I) were prepared.

B122(j): (R)—N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-{5-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 3.08-3.45 (3H, m), 3.75-3.54 (2H, m), 3.94-4.30 (3H, m), 4.35 (1H, t, J=5.0 Hz), 4.66 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 5.28 (1H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 7.20 (1H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 7.70-7.28 (3H, m), 7.72-7.91 (1H, m), 7.96 (1H, s), 11.33 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=447.

B122(k): (S)—N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-{5-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.28-3.39 (3H, m), 3.60-3.70 (2H, m), 4.20-4.22 (3H, m), 4.34 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 4.67 (1H, br s), 5.25 (1H, br s), 7.20 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.32-7.51 (3H, m), 7.80 (1H, br s), 7.96 (1H, s), 11.32 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=447.

B122(o): (R)—N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-{5-[(1R,2R)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.88 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.05 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 2.99-3.46 (3H, m), 3.50-3.60 (1H, m), 3.61-3.75 (1H, m), 4.00-4.31 (3H, m), 4.33 (1H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 4.66 (1H, br s), 5.27 (1H, br s), 6.89 (1H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 7.11 (1H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 7.25 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 7.39 (1H, dd, J=1.8, 14.5 Hz), 7.54 (1H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=447.

B122(p): (S)—N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-{5-[(1R,2R)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.21-3.35 (3H, m), 3.62-3.66 (2H, m), 4.03-4.36 (4H, m), 4.66 (1H, d, J=4.0 Hz), 5.28 (1H, d, J=4.0 Hz), 7.20 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.33-7.50 (3H, m), 7.80 (1H, br s), 7.95 (1H, s), 11.27 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=447.

B125(j): (R)-4-{5-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.10-3.46 (3H, m), 3.55-3.75 (2H, m), 4.03 (1H, d, J=13.9 Hz), 4.11-4.28 (2H, m), 4.35 (1H, t, J=4.7 Hz), 4.66 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 5.28 (1H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 7.20 (1H, td, J=2.7, 9.1 Hz), 7.41 (1H, dd, J=1.6, 14.4 Hz), 7.50-7.59 (1H, m), 7.77 (1H, dd, J=2.6, 8.5 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s), 11.43 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=465.

B125(k): (S)-4-{5-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 3.24-3.40 (3H, m), 3.71-3.60 (2H, m), 4.04-4.20 (3H, m), 4.35 (1H, t, J=4.6 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 5.27 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.24-7.38 (3H, m), 7.82 (1H, br s), 7.96 (1H, s), 11.27 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=465.

B125(o): (R)-4-{5-[(1R,2R)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.43-3.08 (3H, m), 3.55-3.74 (2H, m), 3.97-4.08 (1H, m), 4.13-4.26 (2H, m), 4.34 (1H, d, J=5.0 Hz), 4.66 (1H, br s), 5.28 (1H, br s), 7.15 (1H, td, J=2.7, 9.1 Hz), 7.41 (1H, dd, J=1.6, 14.4 Hz), 7.48 (1H, dd, J=4.7, 8.7 Hz), 7.70 (1H, dd, J=2.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=465.

B125(p): (S)-4-Z {5-[(1R,2R)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.21-3.35 (3H, m), 3.62-3.69 (2H, m), 4.02-4.20 (3H, m), 4.34 (1H, t, J=4.6 Hz), 4.66 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 5.28 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.21 (1H, dt, J=1.7, 9.0 Hz), 7.41 (1H, dd, J=1.7, 14.3 Hz), 7.55 (1H, br s), 7.77 (1H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s), 11.30 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=465.

B155(h): (S)-4-{5-[(1 S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.16 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.31 (3H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 2.97-2.92 (1H, m), 3.11-3.16 (2H, m), 3.39 (1H, dt, J=3.5, 12.6 Hz), 3.89-4.01 (4H, m), 4.40-4.42 (3H, m), 6.99 (1H, dt, J=2.4, 8.8 Hz), 7.30-7.34 (2H, m), 7.65 (1H, dd, J=5.2, 8.5 Hz), 7.98 (1H, s), 9.31 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=465.

B155(j): (R)-4-{5-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 3.10-3.44 (3H, m), 3.76-3.52 (2H, m), 4.04 (1H, d, J=13.9 Hz), 4.13-4.26 (2H, m), 4.29-4.38 (1H, m), 4.61-4.69 (1H, m), 5.28 (1H, d, J=4.3 Hz), 7.02 (1H, td, J=9.1, 2.4 Hz), 7.25-7.35 (1H, m), 7.41 (1H, dd, J=14.3, 1.5 Hz), 7.81 (1H, dd, J=5.5, 8.7 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s), 11.60 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=465.

B155(o): (R)-4-{5-[(1R,2R)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.07 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.08-3.47 (3H, m), 3.56-3.74 (2H, m), 4.04 (1H, d, J=12.7 Hz), 4.27-4.13 (2H, m), 4.34 (1H, d, J=5.0 Hz), 4.66 (1H, br s), 5.27 (1H, br s), 6.98 (1H, td, J=2.2, 9.0 Hz), 7.26 (1H, dd, J=2.1, 10.1 Hz), 7.41 (1H, dd, J=1.3, 14.4 Hz), 7.77 (1H, dd, J=5.6, 8.5 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=465.

B158(j): (R)—N-(5,6-difluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-{5-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.06 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 3.04-3.42 (4H, m), 3.51-3.76 (2H, m), 3.97-4.10 (1H, m), 4.11-4.25 (1H, m), 4.30-4.38 (1H, m), 4.65 (1H, d, J=4.3 Hz), 5.27 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.35-7.51 (2H, m), 7.80-7.98 (2H, m), 11.52 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=483.

B158(o): (R)—N-(5,6-difluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-{5-[(1R,2R)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.87 (3H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 1.06 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.06-3.44 (3H, m), 3.52-3.74 (2H, m), 3.94-4.08 (1H, m), 4.10-4.26 (2H, m), 4.29-4.40 (1H, m), 4.58-4.72 (1H, m), 5.19-5.34 (1H, m), 7.34-7.52 (2H, m), 7.81-7.99 (2H, m), 11.49 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=483.

C4(r): 4-{3-Chloro-5-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]pyridin-2-yl}-N-(6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.89 (3H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 3.24-3.31 (4H, m), 3.69-3.73 (5H, m), 4.40 (1H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 4.67 (1H, br s), 5.34 (1H, br s), 7.14 (1H, dt, J=8.6, 1.7 Hz), 7.47 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 4.6 Hz), 7.67-7.71 (2H, m), 8.15 (1H, d, J=1.7 Hz), 11.52 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=466.

C123(r): N-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-(5-((1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.88 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 3.40 (4H, m), 3.70 (5H, m), 4.37 (1H, t, J=4.8 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 5.28 (1H, d, J=4.7 Hz), 7.39 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.44 (1H, d, J=14.3 Hz), 7.63 (1H, br s), 7.97 (1H, s), 8.03 (1H, br s), 11.40 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=466.

C125(r): 4-(5-((1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-N-(6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.88 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 3.39 (4H, m), 3.69 (5H, m), 4.37 (1H, t, J=4.82 Hz), 4.66 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 5.28 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.22 (1H, t, J=9.4 Hz), 7.44 (1H, d, J=14.2 Hz), 7.64 (1H, br s), 7.81 (1H, br s), 7.97 (1H, s), 11.33 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=450.

C170(r): 4-(5-((1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-N-(5,6-dimethylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.88 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 2.28 (6H, d, J=5.7 Hz), 3.38 (4H, m), 3.70 (5H, m), 4.36 (1H, d, J=5.5 Hz), 4.66 (1H, br s), 5.28 (1H, br s), 7.44 (1H, d, J=12.7 Hz), 7.46 (1H, br s), 7.56 (1H, br s), 7.97 (1H, s), 11.17 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=460.

5.3 Example 3 Preparation of Compound Bb

Using procedures similar to those described in Example 1 above, the Compound BB was prepared.

BB: (S)-4-{5-[(1S,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 0.86 (3H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 1.24 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 2.85 (1H, t, J=11.6 Hz), 3.05 (1H, d, J=11.6 Hz), 3.24-3.33 (1H, m), 3.65-3.73 (1H, m), 3.77 (1H, d, J=12.9 Hz), 3.93 (1H, d, J=12.3 Hz), 4.16 (1H, br s), 4.36 (1H, t, J=4.6 Hz), 4.57 (1H, br s), 4.66 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 5.29 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.21 (1H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 7.43 (1H, d, J=14.3 Hz), 7.64 (1H, br s), 7.79 (1H, br s), 7.95 (1H, s), 11.30 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=464.

5.4 Example 4 Preparation of Compound A155(A)

2-Chloro-3-fluoro-5-vinylpyridine (112)

To a solution of 101 (5.00 g, 23.8 mmol) and 4,4,6-trimethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborinane (111, 3.29 g, 21.39 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) in a mixture of TBAF (30.0 mL) and THF (64.0 mL) under an argon atmosphere was added bis(triphenylphosphine)dichloropalladium(II) catalyst (Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, 1.33 g, 1.90 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) and K₂CO₃ (8.20 g, 59.4 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. and held for 16 hrs in a sealed bottle. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C., diluted with water, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with EtOAc:hexanes to provide 3.2 g of 112 as a colorless oil (85% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 5.48 (1H, d, J=10.97 Hz), 5.83 (1H, d, J=17.62 Hz), 6.68 (1H, dd, J=10.97, 17.62 Hz), 7.52 (1H, d, J=1.60 Hz), 8.20 (1H, d, J=1.60 Hz). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=158.

(S)-1-(6-Chloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-diol (113)

To a solution of 112 (5.00 g, 31.75 mmol) in water (162 mL) and tert-butanol (162 mL) cooled to 0° C. with an ice bath was added AD-mix α (54.6 g, Sigma-Aldrich) to form a reaction mixture. With the bath ice left in place, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to a temperature of about 25° C. After 16 hrs, excess solid sodium sulfite (60 g) was added and the resulting slurry was allowed to stir at a temperature of about 25° C. for 30 min. The mixture was extracted twice with EtOAc. The organic portions were combined, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting mixture was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with a gradient of from 50:50 EtOAc:hexanes to 100% EtOAc to provide 5.39 g of 113 as a white solid (89% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 2.16 (1H, t, J=5.60 Hz), 2.88 (1H, d, J=3.54 Hz), 3.66 (1H, m), 3.84 (1H, m), 4.91 (1H, m), 7.59 (1H, dd, J=1.61, 8.73 Hz), 8.29 (1H, d, J=1.88 Hz). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=192.

(S)-2-Chloro-5-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-3-fluoropyridine (114)

A suspension of 113 (5.39 g, 28.2 mmol) in 2,2-dimethoxypropane (58 mL, Sigma-Aldrich) was cooled with an ice bath. Para-toluene sulfonic acid monohydrate (PTSA, 0.54 g, 2.82 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) was added to form a reaction mixture. The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for 16 hrs. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled with an ice bath, treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), and concentrated to provide 5.65 g of 114 as an oil (87% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.48 (3H, s), 1.54 (3H, s), 3.71 (1H, m), 4.37 (1H, m), 5.11 (1H, t, J=6.76 Hz), 7.53 (1H, dd, J=1.93, 8.63 Hz), 8.18 (1H, d, J=1.88 Hz). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=232.

(S)-Tert-butyl-4-{5-[(S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (116)

To a solution of 114 (1.60 g, 6.91 mmol) in toluene (21.1 mL) under an argon atmosphere was added (S)-tert-butyl 2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate (115, 1.38 g, 6.91 mmol, AK Scientific, Inc., Union City, Calif.), sodium tert-butoxide (0.73 g, 7.60 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich), and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (i.e., “X-Phos,” 0.49 g, 1.04 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich). The mixture was degassed under argon and then tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (Pd₂(DBA)₃, 0.63 g, 0.69 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) was added to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture, heated in an oil bath maintained at temperature within the range of from 80° C. to 85° C., was stirred for 1.5 hours. Thereafter, the mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C., poured onto cold water, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, and concentrated to an oil which was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with 10:90 EtOAc:hexanes and 20:80 EtOAc:hexanes to provide 1.71 g of 116 as a solid (63% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.25 (3H, d, J=6.80 Hz), 1.46 (3H, s), 1.48 (9H, s), 1.53 (3H, s), 2.89 (1H, dt, J=3.29, 13.59 Hz), 3.09 (1H, dd, J=3.73, 12.06 Hz), 3.23 (1H, dt, J=2.85, 13.59 Hz), 3.69 (1H, t, J=7.89 Hz), 3.83 (1H, d, J=12.72 Hz), 3.92 (1H, d, J=13.81 Hz), 4.01 (1H, d, J=12.90 Hz), 4.27 (1H, t, J=6.14 Hz), 4.31 (1H, brs), 5.01 (1H, t, J=7.24 Hz), 7.30 (1H, d, J=1.97 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=396.

(S)-1-{5-Fluoro-6-[(S)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl]pyridin-3-yl}ethane-1,2-diol (117)

To a solution of 116 (1.71 g, 4.33 mmol) in DCM (9.60 mL) and MeOH (1.50 mL) was added 4N HCl in dioxane (6.49 mL) to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. in a closed vessel for 16 h. Thereafter, the resulting suspension was stirred with diethyl ether. The solid precipitate was collected on filter paper and washed several times with diethyl ether to provide 1.25 g of 117 as a tan solid (88% yield) which, being >99% pure as analyzed by LC/MS, was used directly in the next step.

(S)-4-{5-[(S)-1,2-Dihydroxyethyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide (Compound A155(a))

A suspension of 117 (0.18 g, 0.40 mmol) and N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide (118, 0.105 g, 0.40 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was cooled with an ice bath. DIEA (1.0 mL) was added to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at a temperature of about 25° C. for about 16 h. The mixture was diluted with DCM (100 mL), washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃, washed twice with brine, dried, and concentrated. The obtained residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with a gradient of from 100% DCM to 10:90 MeOH:DCM to provide 0.095 g of Compound A155(a) as a white foam (53% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d⁶) δ: 1.24 (3H, d, J=6.80 Hz), 2.86 (1H, dt, J=3.51, 12.50 Hz), 3.05 (1H, dd, J=3.29, 12.24 Hz), 3.30 (1H, t, J=12.28 Hz), 3.41 (1H, m, J=6.14 Hz), 3.48 (1H, m, J=5.26 Hz), 3.77 (1H, d, J=12.94 Hz), 3.93 (1H, d, J=11.62 Hz), 4.19 (1H, d, J=12.28 Hz), 4.52 (1H, qt, J=5.48 Hz), 4.61 (1H, brs), 4.77 (1H, t, J=6.14 Hz), 5.36 (1H, d, J=4.60 Hz), 7.09 (1H, t, J=9.21 Hz), 7.36 (1H, brs), 7.47 (1H, d, J=14.25 Hz), 7.88 (1H, m), 7.97 (1H, s), 11.67 (1H, brs). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=450.

Compound 118, N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide, was prepared similarly to compound 108 except 5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (Sigma-Aldrich) was used in place of 6-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine.

5.5 Example 5 Preparation of Compound A122(A)

2-Chloro-3-fluoro-5-vinylpyridine (112)

To a solution of 101 (5.00 g, 23.8 mmol) and 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-vinyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (119, 21.39 mmol, Sigma-Aldrich) in a mixture of EtOH (30.0 mL) and THF (64.0 mL) under an argon atmosphere was added Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (1.33 g, 1.90 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (8.20 g, 59.4 mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. and held for 16 hrs in a sealed bottle. The mixture was cooled to a temperature of about 25° C., diluted with water, and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, washed with brine, and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column eluted with EtOAc:hexanes to provide 112 as a colorless oil (85% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 5.48 (1H, d, J=10.97 Hz), 5.83 (1H, d, J=17.62 Hz), 6.68 (1H, dd, J=10.97, 17.62 Hz), 7.52 (1H, d, J=1.60 Hz), 8.20 (1H, d, J=1.60 Hz). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=158.

Thereafter, Compound A122(a) was prepared similarly to Compound A155(a) in Example 4 except compound 120 was used in place of compound 118.

A122(a): (S)—N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-(5-((S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.24 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 2.85 (1H, t, J=11.0 Hz), 3.04 (1H, d, J=12.9 Hz), 3.29 (1H, m), 3.41 (1H, m, J=5.5 Hz), 3.48 (1H, m, J=5.5 Hz), 3.77 (1H, d, J=12.7 Hz), 3.93 (1H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 4.21 (1H, br s), 4.52 (1H, q, J=5.0 Hz), 4.61 (1H, br s), 4.76 (1H, t, J=6.1 Hz), 5.34 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.20 (1H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 7.36 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.46 (1H, dd, J=1.8, 14.3 Hz), 7.55 (1H, br s), 7.82 (1H, br s), 7.97 (1H, s), 11.37 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=432.

Compound 120, N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide, was prepared similarly to compound 108 except benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine (Sigma-Aldrich) was used in place of 6-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine.

5.6 Example 6 Preparation of Compounds A122(B), A122(C), A122(E), A123(E), A125(b), A125(e), A126(a), A126(e), A155(b), A155(d), A155(e), and A158(a)

Using procedures similar to those described in Examples 4 and 5 above, the following Compounds of Formula (I) were prepared.

A122(b): (R)—N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-(5-((S)-1, 2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.08 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 3.11-3.70 (6H, m), 4.35-3.93 (3H, m), 4.51 (1H, q, J=5.3 Hz), 4.75 (1H, t, J=5.6 Hz), 5.33 (1H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 7.20 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J=7.8 Hz), 7.44 (1H, d, J=14.3 Hz), 7.54 (1H, br s), 7.81 (1H, br s), 7.98 (1H, s), 11.32 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=433.

A122(c): (S)—N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-{5-[(S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.08 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.23-3.63 (6H, m), 3.90-4.21 (3H, m), 4.50 (1H, t, J=5.9 Hz), 7.19 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.44 (1H, dd, J=1.8, 14.3 Hz), 7.52 (1H, br s), 7.80 (1H, br s), 7.98 (1H, s), 11.26 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=433.

A122(e): (R)—N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-(5-((R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ: 1.36 (3H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 2.95 (1H, m), 3.12 (1H, d, J=13.6 Hz), 3.41 (1H, m), 3.63 (2H, m), 3.89 (1H, d, J12.0 Hz), 4.03 (1H, d, J=11.0 Hz), 4.67 (1H, m), 7.23 (1H, m), 7.37 (1H, m), 7.48 (2H, d, J=14.0 Hz), 7.69 (1H, br s), 8.00 (1H, s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=432.

A123(e): (R)—N-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-(5-((R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ: 1.15 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 2.73 (1H, t, J=10.0 Hz), 2.91 (1H, d, J=14.0 Hz), 3.22 (1H, m), 3.42 (2H, m), 3.67 (1H, d, J=14.0 Hz), 3.81 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 4.00 (1H, m), 4.45 (1H, t, J=5.2 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dt, J=2.0, 8.4 Hz), 7.25 (2H, dd, J=1.6, 14.0 Hz), 7.55 (1H, m), 7.79 (1H, s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=466.

A125(b): (R)-4-{5-[(S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.08 (3H, d, J=6.5 Hz), 3.14-3.68 (6H, m), 4.02 (1H, d, J=11.9 Hz), 4.26-4.10 (2H, m), 4.51 (1H, dd, J=5.6, 10.7 Hz), 4.74 (1H, t, J5.7 Hz), 5.32 (1H, d, J=4.5 Hz), 7.21 (1H, td, J=2.6, 9.1 Hz), 7.39-7.49 (1H, m), 7.51-7.60 (1H, m), 7.78 (1H, dd, J=2.4, 8.8 Hz), 7.98 (1H, s), 11.37 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=451.

A125(e): (R)-4-(5-((R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-N-(6-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ: 1.26 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 2.85 (1H, dt, J=3.2, 13.0 Hz), 3.02 (1H, dd, J=3.6, 13.0 Hz), 3.32 (1H, m), 3.53 (2H, m), 3.78 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 3.92 (1H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 4.12 (1H, m), 4.56 (1H, t, J=6.0 Hz), 7.02 (1H, dt, J=2.8, 12.0 Hz), 7.35 (1H, dd, J=1.6, 14.0 Hz), 7.41 (2H, m), 7.89 (1H, s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=450.

A126(a): (S)-4-(5-((S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-N-(6-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.23 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 2.37 (3H, s), 2.84 (1H, t, J=11.0 Hz), 3.03 (1H, dd, J=3.5, 12.1 Hz), 3.28 (1H, m), 3.41 (1H, m, J=5.5 Hz), 3.48 (1H, m, J=5.5 Hz), 3.77 (1H, d, J=12.7 Hz), 3.93 (1H, d, J=11.6 Hz), 4.19 (1H, br s), 4.52 (1H, q, J=5.3 Hz), 4.59 (1H, br s), 4.75 (1H, t, J=5.3 Hz), 5.34 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.17 (1H, d, J=7.0, Hz), 7.46 (1H, d, J=13.6 Hz), 7.61 (2H, br s), 7.97 (1H, s), 11.23 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=446.

A126(e): (R)-4-(5-((R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-2-methyl-N-(6-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD-d₄) δ: 1.36 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 2.43 (3H, s), 2.95 (1H, t, J=13 Hz), 3.12 (1H, dd, J=3.6, 13.0 Hz), 3.42 (1H, m), 3.64 (2H, m), 3.88 (1H, d, J=13.0 Hz), 4.02 (1H, d, J=13.0 Hz), 4.2 (1H, m), 4.67 (1H, t, J=6.0 Hz), 7.19 (1H, d, J=9.2 Hz), 7.34 (1H, m), 7.46 (1H, dd, J=2.4, 14.0 Hz), 7.50 (1H, m), 8.00 (1H, s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=446.

A155(b): (R)-4-{5-[(S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.08 (4H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 3.13-3.67 (6H, m), 3.94-4.07 (1H, m), 4.07-4.28 (2H, m), 4.50 (1H, q, J=5.2 Hz), 4.75 (1H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 5.33 (1H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 7.00-7.15 (1H, m), 7.38-7.50 (2H, m), 7.85-8.02 (2H, m), 11.39 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=451.

A155(d): (S)-4-{5-[(R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.25 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 2.83-2.93 (1H, m), 3.04 (1H, dd, J=13.0, 3.4 Hz), 3.25-3.48 (3H, m), 3.77 (1H, d, J=13.0 Hz), 3.92 (1H, d, J=13.0 Hz), 4.19 (1H, d, J=13.0 Hz), 4.57-4.69 (3H, m), 5.33 (1H, s), 7.08 (1H, td, J=1.5, 8.5 Hz), 7.34 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.45 (1H, dd, J=1.5, 14.2 Hz), 7.86 (1H, dd, J=5.5, 8.5 Hz), 7.97 (1H, s), 11.63 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=451.

A155(e): (R)-4-{5-[(R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.24 (3H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 2.86 (1H, td, J=12.7, 3.3 Hz), 3.05 (1H, dd, J=12.7, 3.3 Hz), 3.25-3.48 (3H, m), 3.74-3.79 (1H, m), 3.93 (1H, d, J=12.7 Hz), 4.19 (1H, d, J=12.7 Hz), 4.58-4.70 (3H, m), 5.34 (1H, s), 7.08 (1H, dt, J=2.3, 9.1 Hz), 7.35-7.48 (2H, m), 7.84-7.96 (2H, m), 11.66 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=451.

A158(a): (S)—N-(5,6-difluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-(5-((S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.24 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 2.87 (1H, t, J=12.9 Hz), 3.06 (1H, d, J=10.1 Hz), 3.31 (1H, m), 3.46 (2H, m), 3.76 (1H, d, J=12.9 Hz), 3.92 (1H, d, J=12.9 Hz), 4.14 (1H, d, J=12.1 Hz), 4.54 (2H, m), 4.76 (1H, m), 5.35 (1H, d, J=4.2 Hz), 7.46 (1H, dd, J=1.5, 14.0 Hz), 7.71 (1H, t, J=10.5 Hz), 7.97 (1H, s), 8.07 (1H, t, J=8.6 Hz), 11.40 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=468.

5.7 Example 7 Preparation of Compound Ae

Using procedures similar to those described in Examples 4 and 5 above, the Compound AE was prepared.

AE: (R)—N-(5,6-difluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-{5-[(S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl}-3-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.08 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.12-3.68 (6H, m), 4.00 (1H, d, J=12.4 Hz), 4.08-4.30 (2H, m), 4.51 (1H, q, J=5.3 Hz), 4.75 (1H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 5.33 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.44 (1H, dd, J=1.8, 14.3 Hz), 7.64 (1H, dd, J=7.6, 10.8 Hz), 7.94-7.99 (1H, m), 8.04 (1H, dd, J=8.0, 10.3 Hz), 11.49 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=469.

5.8 Example 8 Preparation of Compound A155(Ad)

The following compound, Compound A155(ad), which is a racemic mixture of the (R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl- and (S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl-enantiomers, was prepared in the same manner as in Example 4 above except for step 2 in which OsO₄ and NMO were used as oxidative reagents instead of AD-mix alpha.

A155(ad): (2S)-4-(5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-N-(5-fluorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.24 (3H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 2.84-2.87 (1H, m), 3.03-3.06 (1H, m), 3.25-3.52 (3H, m), 3.76 (1H, d, J=12.8 Hz), 3.92 (1H, d, J=12.8 Hz), 4.19 (1H, d, J=12.8 Hz), 4.53-4.75 (3H, m), 5.34 (1H, d, J=4.1 Hz), 7.08 (1H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 7.24-7.50 (2H, m), 7.86 (1H, br), 7.96 (1H, s), 11.57 (1H, br s). LC/MS (M+1): m/z=450.

5.9 Example 9 Determination of the Optical Purity for Compound A155(E)

The % ee was determined for Compound A155(e) as shown below:

Chiral HPLC was used to determine the % ee for Compound A155(e). A CHIRALPAK 1A column (Daicel Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) was used. The peak areas for the major and minor enantiomers were determined and 94% ee was calculated using the equation in Section 4.3.

If desired, ¹H NMR can also be used. For a ¹H NMR determination, bis-Mosher's ester derivatives are prepared for the compound(s) of interest, e.g., Compound A155(e), by a technique known in the art. The % ee determination is done by adding an excess of Mosher's acid chloride to a compound of interest (about 0.6 mg) in pyridine-d⁵ (about 0.530 mL) at a temperature of about 25° C. in an NMR tube. A ¹H NMR is taken 20 h after the addition of Mosher's acid chloride. An appropriate peak is chosen for the bis-Mosher's ester with 6 in the range from about 7.00 ppm to about 6.60 ppm. It is important to note whether ¹³C satellites are observed upfield and/or downfield of the chosen peak. The ¹H NMR peaks for the minor and major enantiomer are integrated, the ¹³C satellites are subtracted out, and the % ee is calculated using the equation cited above.

5.10 Example 10 Combining A Compound of Formula (I) and Fumaric Acid

To 20 mg of the free base of Compound A155(a) in 0.3±0.1 mL of MeOH in a 4 mL vial at a temperature of about 25° C. was added 1.1 eq. of fumaric acid (AK Scientific). The resulting slurry was stirred with a magnetic stirring bar for about 32 h. Thereafter, the slurry was evaporated to dryness using a centrifugal evaporator (HT-8 Series II, Genevac Inc., Gardiner, N.Y.). The product was analyzed by ¹H NMR, DTA, PXRD, ¹³C NMR, and ¹⁵N NMR.

Dissolution of the product followed by ¹H NMR analysis of the resulting solution for each component demonstrated that the average molar ratio of Compound A155(a) to fumaric acid was about 1:0.5±0.2, with values from multiple determinations ranging from 1:0.4 to 1:0.7.

DTA, at a rate of 10° C./minute, of the product yielded a melting onset of 176.8° C., as determined by the temperature at which the extrapolated melting endotherm deviated from the extrapolated baseline, and a melting point of 182.9° C., as determined by the temperature at the melting endotherm peak. In contrast, for Compound A155(a) similarly-crystallized to anhydrate crystals from MeOH but in the absence of fumaric acid, the DTA melting onset was 185.7° C. and the DTA melting point was 189.4° C.

Powder x-ray diffraction intensity data were collected on a Bruker D8 Discover apparatus using CuKα radiation (λ=1.5418 Å). The scanning range was from 3.0° to 40° 2θ. The reported 20 values are ±0.2° 2θ. FIG. 1 provides the PXRD pattern and Table 4 summarizes the peaks observed for the product prepared with fumaric acid as described above while Table 5 summarizes the peaks observed for crystalline anhydrate (i.e., free base) Compound A155(a). For each table, peak maximum relative intensity is denoted as follows: VS=very strong, S=strong, M=medium, and W=weak.

TABLE 4 Powder X-ray Diffraction Results for Product Position Relative [°2θ] Intensity 5.8 W 6.5 S 8.6 M 9.3 W 10.8 W 12.5 S 14.0 M 16.8 VS 18.7 M 19.7 W 20.4 M 21.3 M 22.0 M 23.2 S 25.3 S 26.8 W 28.2 W 28.5 W 30.8 W 35.0 W 38.5 S

TABLE 5 Powder X-ray Diffraction Results for Compound A155(a) Position Relative [°2θ] Intensity 13.5 W 15.8 W 17.5 W 18.5 W 20.3 M 22.6 S 23.2 M 24.7 VS 26.1 M 26.9 S 27.8 M 36.3 W 38.7 M

All solid-state cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR determinations were performed on a Varian NMR System 600 MHz NMR spectrometer (Varian NMR, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) with a 3.2 mm rotor-outside-diameter probe at a frequency of 150.8 MHz, for ¹³C, and 60.79 MHz, for ¹⁵N. Sample temperature was controlled at 10° C.+0.2° C. The ¹⁵N spectra were measured under the following conditions: spectral width of 24,510 Hz, acquisition time of 40 ms, recycle delay time of from 5 s to 15 s, contact time of 2 ms, ¹⁵N π/2 pulse lengths of 4.2 s, 1H π/2 pulse lengths of 2.2 μs. As a reference, ¹⁵N glycine at δ of −347.54 was used. The ¹³C spectra were measured under the following conditions: spectral width of 43,103 Hz, acquisition time of 40 ms, recycle delay time of 10 s, contact time of 3 ms, ¹³C π/2 pulse lengths of 2.0 s, 1H π/2 pulse lengths of 2.2 s. As a reference, the ¹³C the methyne peak of adamantane at δ of 38.52 was used. For the purposes of the ¹³C NMR and ¹⁵N NMR analyses, the non-hydrogen atoms of Compound A155(a) are identified as follows:

¹⁵N NMR CP/MAS spectra of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid, the dihydrochloride-salt of Compound A155(a), and the free base of Compound A155(a) are shown in FIG. 2. Significant differences in the shapes and/or chemical shifts of the N-3 and N-25 peaks can be noted between the spectrum of the free base of Compound A155(a) and the dihydrochloride-salt of Compound A155(a), which differences are believed to be attributable to the ionic nature of the salt formed with each of these nitrogen atoms in the dihydrochloride-salt. In contrast, the shapes and/or chemical shifts of the N-3 and N-25 peaks in the spectra of the free base of Compound A155(a) and the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid are far more similar, the chemical shifts differing by only less than about 12 ppm. It is believed that its co-crystalline nature is demonstrated by the lack of significant ionization of the N-3 and N-25 nitrogen atoms in the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid.

A ¹³C NMR CP/MAS spectrum of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid is shown in FIG. 3. The chemical shifts in this spectrum are clearly different from the chemical shifts of the free base of Compound A155(a) (not shown). Additionally, new peaks (at about 171.5, 170.3 and/or 135.6 ppm) attributable to the presence of fumarate co-crystal are evident which differ from peaks of fumaric acid in its free form; these new peaks are denoted by the five-pointed stars in FIG. 3 and are believed to be indicative of the co-crystalline nature of the product.

In one embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting onset of from about 175° C. to about 179° C. when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting onset of from about 175.5° C. to about 178.5° C. when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting onset of from about 176° C. to about 178° C. when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting onset of from about 176.4° C. to about 177.2° C. when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting onset of about 176.8 when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min.

In one embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting point of from about 181° C. to about 185° C. when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting point of from about 181.5° C. to about 184.5° C. when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting point of from about 182° C. to about 184° C. when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting point of from about 182.5° C. to about 183.3° C. when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a melting point of about 182.9° C. when measured using DTA at a rate of 10° C./min.

In one embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has an x-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak at each of 6.5°, 12.5°, 16.8°, and 25.30 2θ±0.2° 2θ when measured using CuKα radiation. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has an x-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak at each of 6.5°, 12.5°, 16.8°, 23.2°, 25.3°, and 38.5° 2θ±0.2° 2θ when measured using CuKα radiation. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has an x-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak at each of 6.5°, 8.6°, 12.5°, 14.0°, 16.8°, 18.7°, and 25.3° 2θ±0.2° 2θ when measured using CuKα radiation. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has an x-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak at each of 6.50, 8.6°, 12.5°, 14.0°, 16.8°, 18.7°, 20.4°, 21.3°, 22.0°, 23.2°, 25.3°, and 38.5° 2θ±0.2° 2θ when measured using CuKα radiation.

In one embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 170.3±0.2 ppm, 130.0±0.2 ppm, and 72.2±0.2 ppm. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 171.5±0.2 ppm, 170.3+0.2 ppm, 130.0±0.2 ppm, and 72.2±0.2 ppm. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 171.5±0.2 ppm, 170.3±0.2 ppm, 130.0±0.2 ppm, 72.2±0.2 ppm, and 15.1±0.2 ppm. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 170.3±0.2 ppm, 135.6±0.2 ppm, and 72.2±0.2 ppm. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 171.5±0.2 ppm, 170.3±0.2 ppm, and 135.6+0.2 ppm. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 171.5±0.2 ppm, 170.3+0.2 ppm, 135.6+0.2 ppm, and 72.2+0.2 ppm. In another embodiment, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid has a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 171.5±0.2 ppm, 170.3±0.2 ppm, 135.6±0.2 ppm, 72.2±0.2 ppm, and 15.1±0.2 ppm.

Alternately, 1.0 g of the free base of Compound A155(a) in 20 mL of MeOH at a temperature of about 25° C. was stirred with a magnetic stirring bar. Then, 1.1 eq. of fumaric acid was added, the resulting suspension was stirred with a magnetic stirring bar until dissolution appeared complete, a seed crystal of the product prepared from Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid was added, and stirring continued while a precipitate formed. Thereafter, the precipitate was filtrated and dried under reduced pressure to provide a product that, upon PXRD analysis, yielded substantially the same PXRD results as provided in FIG. 1 and Table 4.

5.11 Example 11 Combining a Compound of Formula (I) and Hydrochloric Acid

To 0.3±0.1 mL of MeOH in a 4 mL vial also containing molecular sieve drying agent is added 1.1 eq. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. The resulting mixture is stirred with a magnetic stirring bar for about 1 h. The molecular sieves are filtered off. Thereafter, 20 mg of a Compound of Formula (I) is added. The resulting slurry is stirred with a magnetic stirring bar for about 32 h. Thereafter, the slurry is evaporated to dryness using a centrifugal evaporator (HT-8 Series II, Genevac Inc., Gardiner, N.Y.). The residue product is analyzed by ¹H NMR, DTA, and PXRD as described in Example 10.

5.12 Example 12 Combining a Compound of Formula (I) and Tartaric Acid

To 20 mg of a Compound of Formula (I) in 0.3±0.1 mL of MeOH in a 4 mL vial is added 1.1 eq. of tartaric acid, i.e., 2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid (Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting slurry is stirred with a magnetic stirring bar for about 32 h. Thereafter, the slurry is evaporated to dryness using a centrifugal evaporator (HT-8 Series II, Genevac Inc., Gardiner, N.Y.). The residue product is analyzed by ¹H NMR, DTA, and PXRD as described in Example 10.

5.13 Example 13 Combining a Compound of Formula (I) and Benzenesulfonic Acid

To 20 mg of a Compound of Formula (I) in 0.3±0.1 mL of MeOH in a 4 mL vial is added 1.1 eq. of benzenesulfonic acid (Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting slurry is stirred with a magnetic stirring bar for about 32 h. Thereafter, the slurry is evaporated to dryness using a centrifugal evaporator (HT-8 Series II, Genevac Inc., Gardiner, N.Y.). The residue product is analyzed by ¹H NMR, DTA, and PXRD as described in Example 10.

5.14 Example 14 Combining a Compound of Formula (I) and Toluenesulfonic Acid

To 20 mg of a Compound of Formula (I) in 0.3+0.1 mL of MeOH in a 4 mL vial is added 1.1 eq. of toluenesulfonic acid, i.e., 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting slurry is stirred with a magnetic stirring bar for about 32 h. Thereafter, the slurry is evaporated to dryness using a centrifugal evaporator (HT-8 Series II, Genevac Inc., Gardiner, N.Y.). The residue product is analyzed by ¹H NMR, DTA, and PXRD as described in Example 10.

5.15 Example 15 Binding of Compounds of Formula (I) to TRPV1

Methods for assaying compounds capable of inhibiting TRPV1 are known in the art, for example, those methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,267 to Duckworth et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,908 to McIntyre et al., or U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,180 to Julius et al. The results of these assays will demonstrate that Compounds of Formula (1) bind to and modulate the activity of TRPV1.

Protocol 1

Human TRPV1 Cloning:

Human spinal cord RNA (commercially available from Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) is used. Reverse transcription is conducted on 1.0 μg total RNA using Thermoscript Reverse Transcriptase (commercially available from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and oligo dT primers as detailed in its product description. Reverse transcription reactions are incubated at 55° C. for 1 h, heat-inactivated at 85° C. for 5 min, and RNase H-treated at 37° C. for 20 min.

Human TRPV1 cDNA sequence is obtained by comparison of the human genomic sequence, prior to annotation, to the published rat sequence. Intron sequences are removed and flanking exonic sequences are joined to generate the hypothetical human cDNA. Primers flanking the coding region of human TRPV1 are designed as follows: forward primer GAAGATCTTCGCTGGTTGCACACTGGGCCACA (SEQ ID NO: 1), and reverse primer GAAGATCTTCGGGGACAGTGACGGTTGGATGT (SEQ ID NO: 2).

Using these primers, PCR of TRPV1 is performed on one tenth of the Reverse transcription reaction mixture using Expand Long Template Polymerase and Expand Buffer 2 in a final volume of 50 μL according to the manufacturer's instructions (Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, Ind.). After denaturation at 94° C. for 2 min PCR amplification is performed for 25 cycles at 94° C. for 15 sec, 58° C. for 30 sec, and 68° C. for 3 min followed by a final incubation at 72° C. for 7 min to complete the amplification. The PCR product of about 2.8 kb is gel-isolated using a 1.0% agarose, Tris-Acetate gel containing 1.6 μg/mL of crystal violet and purified with a S.N.A.P. UV-Free Gel Purification Kit (commercially available from Invitrogen). The TRPV1 PCR product is cloned into the pIND/V5-His-TOPO vector (commercially available from Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions to result in the TRPV1-pIND construct. DNA preparations, restriction enzyme digestions, and preliminary DNA sequencing are performed according to standard protocols. Full-length sequencing confirms the identity of the human TRPV1.

Generation of Inducible Cell Lines:

Unless noted otherwise, cell culture reagents are purchased from Life Technologies of Rockville, Md. HEK293-EcR cells expressing the ecdysone receptor (commercially available from Invitrogen) are cultured in Growth Medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (commercially available from Hyclone, Logan, Utah)), 1× penicillin/streptomycin, 1× glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 400 μg/mL Zeocin (commercially available from Invitrogen)). The TRPV1-pIND constructs are transfected into the HEK293-EcR cell line using Fugene transfection reagent (commercially available from Roche Applied Sciences, Basel, Switzerland). After 48 h, cells are transferred to Selection Medium (Growth Medium containing 300 μg/mL G418 (commercially available from Invitrogen)). Approximately 3 weeks later individual Zeocin/G418 resistant colonies are isolated and expanded. To identify functional clones, multiple colonies are plated into 96-well plates and expression is induced for 48 h using Selection Medium supplemented with 5 μM ponasterone A (“PonA”) (commercially available from Invitrogen). On the day of assay, cells are loaded with Fluo-4 (a calcium-sensitive dye that is commercially available from Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) and CAP-mediated calcium influx is measured using a Fluorescence Imaging Plate Reader (“FLIPR”) as described below. Functional clones are re-assayed, expanded, and cryopreserved.

pH-Based Assay:

Two days prior to performing this assay, cells are seeded on poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well clear-bottom black plates (commercially available from Becton-Dickinson) at 75,000 cells/well in growth media containing 5 μM PonA (commercially available from Invitrogen) to induce expression of TRPV1. On the day of the assay, the plates are washed with 0.2 mL 1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (commercially available from Life Technologies) containing 1.6 mM CaCl₂ and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (“wash buffer”), and loaded using 0.1 mL of wash buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 μM final concentration, commercially available from Molecular Probes). After 1 h, the cells are washed twice with 0.2 mL wash buffer and resuspended in 0.05 mL 1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (commercially available from Life Technologies) containing 3.5 mM CaCl₂ and 10 mM Citrate, pH 7.4 (“assay buffer”). Plates are then transferred to a FLIPR for assay. The test compound is diluted in assay buffer, and 50 μL of the resultant solution is added to the cell plates and the solution is monitored for two minutes. The final concentration of the test compound is adjusted to range from about 50 picoM to about 3 μM. Agonist buffer (wash buffer titrated with 1N HCl to provide a solution having a pH of 5.5 when mixed 1:1 with assay buffer) (0.1 mL) is then added to each well, and the plates are incubated for 1 additional minute. Data are collected over the entire time course and analyzed using Excel and Graph Pad Prism to determine the IC₅₀.

Capsaicin-Based Assay:

Two days prior to performing this assay, cells are seeded in poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well clear-bottom black plates (50,000 cells/well) in growth media containing 5 μM PonA (commercially available from Invitrogen) to induce expression of TRPV1. On the day of the assay, the plates are washed with 0.2 mL 1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (commercially available from Life Technologies) containing 1 mM CaCl₂ and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and cells are loaded using 0.1 mL of wash buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 μM final). After one hour, the cells are washed twice with 0.2 mL of wash buffer and resuspended in 0.1 mL of wash buffer. The plates are transferred to a FLIPR for assay. 50 μL of test compound diluted with assay buffer (1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution containing 1 mM CaCl₂ and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) are added to the cell plates and incubated for 2 min. The final concentration of the compound is adjusted to range from about 50 picoM to about 3 μM. Human TRPV1 is activated by the addition of 50 μL of capsaicin (400 nM), and the plates are incubated for an additional 3 min. Data are collected over the entire time course and analyzed using Excel and GraphPad Prism to determine the IC₅₀.

Protocol 2

For Protocol 2, a Chinese Hamster Ovary cell line (CHO) that has been engineered to constitutively express human recombinant TRPV1 was used (TRPV1/CHO cells). The TRPV1/CHO cell line was generated as described below.

Human TRPV1 Cloning:

A cDNA for the human TRPV1 receptor (hTRPV1) was amplified by PCR (KOD-Plus DNA polymerase, ToYoBo, Japan) from a human brain cDNA library (BioChain) using primers designed surrounding the complete hTRPV1 open reading frame (forward 5′-GGATCCAGCAAGGATGAAGAAATGG (SEQ ID NO: 3) and reverse 5′-TGTCTGCGTGACGTCCTCACTTCT (SEQ ID NO: 4)). The resulting PCR products were purified from agarose gels using Gel Band Purification Kit (GE Healthcare Bioscience) and were subcloned into pCR-Blunt vector (Invitrogen). The cloned cDNA was fully sequenced using a fluorescent dye-terminator reagent (BigDye Terminator ver3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit, Applied Biosystems) and ABI Prism 3100 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). The pCR-Blunt vector containing the hTRPV1 cDNA was subjected to restriction digestion with EcoR1. The restriction fragment was subcloned into expression vector pcDNA3.1(−) (Invitrogen) and named pcDNA3.1(−)-hVR1 plasmid. The sequence of the cDNA encoding TRPV1 is available at GenBank accession number AJ277028.

Generation of the TRPV1/CHO Cell Line:

CHO-K1 cells were maintained in growth medium consisting of α-MEM, 10% FBS (Hyclone), and 100 IU/mL of penicillin—100 μg/mL of streptomycin mixed solution (Nacalai Tesque, Japan) at 37° C. in an environment of humidified 95% air and 5% CO₂. The cells were transfected with the pcDNA3.1(−)-hVR1 plasmid using FuGENE6 (Roche) according to the manufacturer's protocol. 24 hr after transfection, neomycin-resistant cells were selected using 1 mg/mL G418 (Nacalai Tesque). After 2 weeks, individual colonies were picked, expanded, and screened for the expression of hTRPV1 in the capsaicin-induced Ca²⁺ influx assay (see below) with a FLIPR (Molecular Devices). A clone with the largest Ca²⁺ response to capsaicin was selected and re-cloned by the same procedure. The cells expressing hTRPV1 were cultured in the growth medium supplemented with 1 mg/mL G418. Approximately 1 month later, stable expression of functional TRPV1 receptors in the selected cell line was confirmed by validating Ca²⁺ responses with or without capsazepine (Sigma, at 1 nM-10 μM) in capsaicin assay.

Capsaicin-Induced Ca²⁺ Influx Assay for Cell Selection:

The following assay was performed to identify cells with hTRPV1 expression. CHO-K1 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1(−)-hVR1 plasmid were seeded in 384-well black-wall clear-bottom plates (Corning) and cultivated in growth medium (see above) for 1 day. On the day of the experiment, culture medium was exchanged to assay buffer (20 mM HEPES, 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.9 mM MgCl₂, 5.0 mM CaCl₂, 5.6 mM D-glucose, 2.5 mM probenecid, pH 7.4) containing 4 μM Fluo-3-AM (Dojin, Japan). After the incubation at 37° C. for 1 hr, each well was washed 3 times with assay buffer using an EMBLA 384 plate washer (Molecular Devices) and refilled with assay buffer. The plates were incubated at a temperature of about 25° C. for 10 min. Subsequently, the plates were inserted into a FLIPR, and 1.5 μM capsaicin (Sigma) solution prepared in assay buffer was added to each well (final concentration was 500 nM). Cellular responses were monitored for 5 min.

Cell Culture:

1. Cell Culture Media

1. Alpha-MEM (Gibco, CAT: 12561-056, LOT: 1285752): 450 mL.

2. Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), heat inactivated (Gibco, CAT: 16140-071, LOT: 1276457): 50 mL.

3. HEPES Buffer Solution, 1M stock (Gibco, CAT: 15630-080): 10 mL (final 20 mM).

4. Geneticin, 50 mg/mL stock (Gibco, CAT: 10135-035): 10 mL (final 1 mg/mL).

5. Antimicotic Antibiotic Mixed Solution, 100× stock (Nacalai Tesque, CAT: 02892-54): 5 mL.

Components 1-5 above were combined at the indicated amounts and stored at 4° C. The cell culture media were brought to about 37° C. before use. Optionally, component 5 can be replaced by penicillin-streptomycin solution (for example, Gibco 15140-122 or Sigma P-0781).

2. Thawing the Cells

TRPV1/CHO cells were frozen in CELLBANKER™ (Juji-Field, Inc., Japan, CAT: BLC-1) and stored at −80° C. Optimized cryopreservation solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide and FBS was used.

Vials containing the TRPV1/CHO cells were stored at −80° C. After removal from −80° C., the vial was immediately transferred to a 37° C. water bath to thaw for ca. 1-2 minutes. Once completely thawed, the contents of the vial (1 mL/vial) was transferred to a sterile 15 mL test tube and 9 mL warm culture media were slowly added. The test tube was subsequently centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 4 min at a temperature of about 25° C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet resuspended in 10 mL of culture media. The cell suspension was transferred to a sterile 75 cm² plastic flask and incubated at humidified 5% CO₂/95% air at 37° C. To monitor viability, the cells were visually inspected and/or counted, beginning at approximately 1 hr after incubation.

3. Passaging the Cells

The cells in a flask were close to confluence at the time of passaging. Cell culture media were removed from the culture flask and 10 mL of sterile PBS(−) added and the flask gently shaken. The PBS was removed from the flask and 2 mL of trypsin/EDTA solution (0.05% trypsin with EDTA-4Na; Gibco, CAT: 25300-054) was added and the flask gently shaken. The flask was incubated at 37° C. for about 2 min. 8 mL cell culture media were subsequently added to the flask and the flask shaken to ensure that all cells were in solution. The cell suspension was then transferred to a sterile 15 mL or 50 mL plastic tube, centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 4 min at a temperature of about 25° C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet resuspended in ca. 5 mL of culture media. The cell count was measured using the Burker-Turk hemocytometer.

The cells were seeded into a sterile 75 cm² plastic flask in ca. 0.8×10⁵ cells/mL for 72 hr and incubated in humidified 5% CO₂/95% air at 37° C.

4. Freezing the Cells

The procedure up to the measurement of the cell count was the same as in the Section entitled “Passaging the Cells” above. Subsequently, the cell suspension was centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 4 min at a temperature of about 25° C. The supernatant was removed and the pellet resuspended in CELLBANKER™ solution to get a final concentration of from 5×10⁵ to 5×10⁶ cells/mL. The cell suspension was transferred into appropriately labeled 1 mL cryovials and then placed into the −80° C. freezer.

pH-Based Assay:

The following assay was conducted to determine the concentration of sulfuric acid that would give rise to a pH that induces a Ca²⁺ response optimal to test compounds for their effect on TRPV1.

1. Cells

TRPV1/CHO cells were seeded in the 96-well clear-bottom black-wall plate (Nunc) at densities of 1-2×10⁴ cells/well and grown in 100 μL of culture medium (alpha-MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 20 mM HEPES, 1 mg/mL geneticin and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic mixed stock solution) for 1-2 days before the experiment.

2. Determination of pH Sensitivity and Agonist Dose

2.1. Agonist Solution

Seven different agonist solutions with sulfuric acid concentrations of 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, and 18.0 mM were prepared by diluting 1M sulfuric acid with measuring buffer (see, e.g., FIG. 1 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0170868 A1). The different sulfuric acid concentrations in the agonist solutions were selected such that a 1:4 dilution would result in a final sulfuric acid concentration of 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, and 3.6 mM, denoted “B” through “H” respectively. Buffer without sulfuric acid, denoted “A”, was also used.

2.2. Assay

pH dependent Ca²⁺ responses in TRPV1/CHO cells cultured in a 96-well plate were determined (see, e.g., FIG. 2 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0170868 A1). In particular, Ca²⁺ influx into TRPV1/CHO cells in response to low pH as measured by Fura-2 AM fluorescence was determined. The cells were stimulated using 3.0 mM (well numbers B1-B6), 3.1 mM (C1-C6), 3.2 mM (D1-D6), 3.3 mM (E1-E6), 3.4 mM (F1-F6), 3.5 mM (G1-G6), or 3.6 mM (H1-H6) H₂SO₄ or pH 7.2 measuring buffer without H₂SO₄ (A1-A6).

(1) Culture medium was removed using an 8-channel-pipette (Rainin, USA) from the 96-well plate and the wells were refilled with 100 μL of loading buffer (20 mM HEPES, 115 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 0.8 mM MgCl₂, 1.8 mM CaCl₂, 13.8 mM D-glucose, 2.5 mM probenecid, pH 7.4) containing 5 μM Fura-2 AM (Dojin, Japan).

(2) The 96-well plate was incubated at 37° C. for 45 min.

(3) The loading buffer was removed from each well. The cells were subsequently washed twice with 150 μL of measuring buffer (20 mM HEPES, 115 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 0.8 mM MgCl₂, 5.0 mM CaCl₂, 13.8 mM D-glucose, 0.1% BSA, pH 7.4) (no probenecid). The wells were then refilled with 80 μL of measuring buffer.

(4) After an incubation at 4° C. for 15 min, the 96-well plate was transferred to a model FDSS-3000 plate reader apparatus (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Japan).

(5) The Fura-2 fluorescent intensity was monitored at a wavelength of 340 nm and at 380 nm, respectively, at a rate of 0.5 Hz for a total of 240 seconds. After 16 time points (32 sec) of baseline detection, 20 μL of agonist solution was added to each well. The final volume was 100 μL/well.

(6) Fluorescence intensity ratio refers to the fluorescence intensity at 340 nm over the fluorescence intensity at 380 nm at a particular time point. The baseline was set as the average of the fluorescent intensity ratios for the first 16 time points before the addition of agonist solution. The maximum response was the highest fluorescent intensity ratio during the 60 time points following addition of agonist solution.

(7) Maximal signal ratios from each well were calculated as output data using the FDSS-3000 analysis program. Data were analyzed using Excel (Microsoft) and XLfit (idbs) software.

2.3. pH Determination

After the observation of Ca²⁺ responses, the buffer of each lane of the 96-well plate (50 μL/well, 8-20 wells/plate) was collected well by well and the pH values were measured using a portable pH meter (Shindengen, Japan).

The Ca²⁺ responses in lanes D and E were intermediate and therefore optimal for testing the effects of compounds on the TRPV1 calcium channel (see, e.g., FIG. 2 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0170868 A1). The final sulfuric acid concentrations in the wells of these lanes were 3.2 mM and 3.3 mM, respectively. These final sulfuric acid concentrations were obtained using agonist solutions with 16.0 mM and 16.5 mM sulfuric acid concentrations, respectively (lanes D and E). The pH obtained using these sulfuric acid concentrations was from about 5.0 to about 5.1.

Thus, agonist solutions with 16.0 mM and 16.5 mM sulfuric acid concentrations, respectively (lanes D and E), were selected for the experiments described below in Section 3.

3. pH Assay

3.1. Agonist

In an “agonist plate,” two different agonist solutions with different H₂SO₄ concentrations were used for the pH assay (see, e.g., FIG. 3A of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0170868 A1). For the first half of a 96-well plate one agonist solution was used; for the second half the other agonist solution was used. The agonist solutions were obtained by diluting sulfuric acid (1M H₂SO₄) with measuring buffer. The concentrations for the two agonist solutions were determined as described above in Section 2 of Protocol 2.

The sulfuric acid concentrations between the two agonist solutions differed by 0.5 mM. In the experiment described in Section 2 of Protocol 2, the sulfuric acid concentrations in the agonist solutions were determined to be 16 mM and 16.5 mM, respectively. After 1:4 dilution of the agonist solutions, the final sulfuric acid concentration was 3.2 mM and 3.3 mM, respectively. The resulting pH value for the pH assay was 5.0 to 5.1.

3.2. Test Compounds

Test compounds were dissolved in DMSO to yield 1 mM stock solutions. The stock solutions were further diluted using DMSO in 1:3 serial dilution steps with 6 points (1000, 250, 62.5, 15.625, 3.9062, and 0.977 μM). The thereby-obtained solutions were further diluted in measuring buffer (1:100) as 10× stock serial dilutions with a DMSO concentration of 1%. 10 μL of a 100× stock was added into each well of an “antagonist plate” (see step 3.3.(4) below). Thus, the final concentrations of antagonists was as follows: 0.977, 3.906, 15.63, 62.5, 250, and 1000 nM containing 0.1% DMSO (see, e.g., FIG. 3B of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2009/0170868 A1).

3.3. Assay

Steps (1) and (2) of this Assay were the same as steps 2.2.(1) and 2.2.(2), respectively, of Protocol 2.

(3) The cells were washed twice with 150 μL of measuring buffer (mentioned in step 2.2.(3) of Protocol 2, no probenecid). The wells were subsequently refilled with 70 μL of measuring buffer. (4) Either 10 μL of measuring buffer or 10 μL of 10× stock serial dilution of test compound (described in step 3.2. above) were applied to each well. Usually, only one test compound was tested per 96-well plate. The number of replicates per 96-well plate for a particular antagonist at a particular concentration was 2×7 since, as described for the “agonist plate,” two different sulfuric acid concentrations were used per 96-well plate and seven lanes (A-C, E-H) per 96-well plate were used (N=2×7).

Step (5) was the same as step 2.2.(4) above.

(6) Fura-2 fluorescent intensity was monitored as described in step 2.2.(5) above. After 16 time points of baseline detection, 20 μL of agonist solution (measuring buffer titrated with H₂SO₄ to yield a pH in the range of from about 5.0 to about 5.1 when mixed 1:4 with the measuring buffer containing test compound) was added to each well (final volume 100 μL/well).

Steps (7) and (8) were as described in steps 2.2.(6) and 2.2.(7) above, respectively.

3.4. pH Check

(1) The pH values of the buffer in the wells of A1 through H1 and A7 through H7 were measured one by one using a portable pH meter.

(2) When a well was confirmed as having a pH of from about 5.0 to about 5.1, the next five wells to its right (e.g., for well B1, wells B2 through B6) were checked one after another.

(3) For IC₅₀ calculation, only the data from wells with pH values of 5.0-5.1 were used.

The number of wells tested for their pH varied among plates (from about 16 to 60 wells/plate). The number depended on the results of step 3.4.(1) above and the Ca²⁺ responses.

Capsaicin-Based Assay:

One day prior to assay, TRPV1/CHO cells were seeded in 96-well clear-bottom black plates (20,000 cells/well) in growth media. On the day of the experiment, the cells were washed with 0.2 mL 1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (Life Technologies) containing 1.6 mM CaCl₂ and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (“wash buffer”). Subsequently, the cells were loaded by incubation in 0.1 mL of wash buffer containing Fluo-4 at 3 μM final concentration. After 1 hour, the cells were washed twice with 0.2 mL wash buffer and resuspended in 0.1 mL wash buffer. The plates were then transferred to a Fluorescence Imaging Plate Reader (Molecular Devices). Fluorescence intensity was monitored for 15 seconds to establish a baseline. Subsequently, test compounds diluted in assay buffer (1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution containing 1 mM CaCl₂ and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) containing 1% DMSO were added to the cell plate and fluorescence was monitored for 2 minutes. The final concentration of the compound was adjusted to range from 100 μM to 1.5625 μM. If the test compound was an especially potent antagonist, the final concentration of the compound was adjusted to range from 10 μM to 1.5625 nM. Human TRPV1 was then activated by the addition of 50 μL capsaicin (100 nM final concentration) and plates incubated for an additional 3 min. Data were collected over the entire time course and analyzed using Excel and the curve-fitting formula GraphPad Prism.

The results of the assays of Protocol 2 are shown in Table 6.

Human TRPV1 Heat-Based Assay:

CHO cells stably expressing human TRPV1 (hTRPV1) were used. Functional assessment of heat-induced activation of hTRPV1 was carried out in a cell-based Ca²⁺ flux assay using ABI7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System as described in Reubish et al., “Functional assessment of temperature-gated ion-channel activity using a real-time PCR machine,” www.BioTechniques.com 47(3):iii-ix (2009), which is hereby incorporated by reference. Briefly, hTRPV1/CHO cells were cultured in growth media in a tissue culture dish at 37° C. in a CO₂ incubator. On the day of the assay, culture media were removed and the cells were then detached using 0.05% trypsin at 37° C. with 5% CO₂, for 90 s. The detached cells were centrifuged (1000 rpm, 4 min) to remove trypsin-containing supernatant and resuspended in assay buffer (115 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 0.8 mM MgCl₂.6H₂O, 1.8 mM CaCl₂ 2H₂O, 13.8 mM D-glucose, and 20 mM HEPES). Then, the cells were loaded with 5 μM Fluo-4, a Ca²⁺ reporter dye, in the presence of 2.5 mM probenecid at 37° C. with 5% CO₂, for 45 min. Thereafter, the cells were washed twice with measuring buffer (assay buffer supplemented with 0.1% BSA and 3.2 mM CaCl₂) then transferred to a Fast 96-well Reaction Plate (0.1 mL) (Part no. 4346907, MICROAMP, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). The cell density was 100,000 cells/24 μL/well. A solution of the compound under test (6 μL/well) was added into each well of the 96-well plate. Thus, the reaction volume per well was 30 μL.

The plates were then placed inside an ABI7500 Fast Real-Time PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems) to read fluorescence at different temperatures using 7500 software, version 2.0.2 (Applied Biosystems). The initial temperature was set at 25° C. for 1 min. followed by a temperature ramp to 45° C. in 100 s to deliver heat to cells. [Ca²⁺]; response of hTRPV1/CHO cells to heat was determined as:

[fluorescence read at 45° C.−fluorescence read at 25° C.].

Compound concentration response curves and IC₅₀ values were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 4 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, Calif.).

The IC₅₀ data provided in Table 6 are shown as mean±standard error of the mean; the number of trials conducted for each assay is shown in parentheses except for only a single trial where no number of trials is shown in parentheses. The results in Table 6 demonstrate that many Compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II) are potent TRPV1 antagonists.

TABLE 6 TRPV1 IC₅₀ Potency Human Heat Human Capsaicin Human pH CHO CHO CHO (hpH-CHO) (hHeat-CHO) Compound # (hCAP-CHO) (nM) (nM) (nM) Structure A122(a) 177 ± 69  (3) 98 ± 27 (2)

A122(b) 444 ± 79  (3) 670 ± 94  (2)

A122(c) 178 ± 29  (3) 553 ± 12  (2)

A122(e) 80.6 ± 7.5  (3) 5.8 ± 0.7 (2) 96.0 ± 2.4  (2)

A123(e) 11.5 ± 1.4  (3) 0.4 ± 0.0 (2)

A125(b) 112 ± 32  (3) 81 ± 13 (3) 389 ± 83  (3)

A125(e) 23.9 ± 3.8  (3) 0.6 ± 0.2 (2) 18.4 ± 0.8  (2)

A126(a) 40.2 ± 11.0 (4) 12.2 ± 5.9  (2)

A126(e) 18.2 ± 2.9  (3) 0.4 ± 0.0 (3)

A155(a) 96 ± 18 (4) 700 (2)

A155(b) 216 ± 57  (3) 134 ± 16  (4)

A155(d) 168 ± 42  (3)

A155(e) 16.5 ± 4.2  (4)

A158(a) 62.4 ± 13.8 (3) 17.1

B122(j) 586 ± 78  (3) 1723

B122(k) 502 ± 128 (3) 2045 ± 245  (2)

B122(o) 199 ± 38  (3) 6881

B122(p) 506 ± 155 (3) 1016

B125(j) 194 ± 49  (3) 303

B125(k) 186 ± 16  (3) 415

B125(o) 309 ± 105 (3) 398 ± 152 (2)

B125(p) 171 ± 1  (3) 211 ± 50  (2)

B155(h) 107 ± 20  (4)

B155(j) 344 ± 116 (3) 439 ± 71  (2)

B155(o) 249 ± 34  (3) 1233 ± 595  (2)

B158(j) 49 ± 10 (3) 136 ± 20  (3)

B158(o) 146 ± 52  (3) 171 ± 29  (2)

C4(r) 42.8 ± 2.0  (3) 17.4 ± 1.2  (2) 87 ± 13 (2)

C123(r) 26.9 ± 3.6  (3) 20.6 ± 2.6  (4) 96 ± 14 (2)

C125(r) 99 ± 24 (3) 69 ± 3  (2) 335 ± 40  (2)

C126(r) 71 ± 20 (3) 67 ± 12 (2) 155 ± 25 (2)

C170(r) 89 ± 34 (3) 32.8 ± 8.1  (3) 170 ± 20 (2)

AE 68 ± 17 (4) 40.8 ± 3.2  (3) 101.5 ± 0.8  (2)

BB 63.7 ± 13.4 (3) 490

5.16 Example 16 In Vivo Assays for Prevention or Treatment of Pain

Test Animals: Each experiment uses rats weighing between 200-260 g at the start of the experiment. The rats are group-housed and have free access to food and water at all times, except prior to oral administration of a Compound of Formula (I) when food is removed for 16 hours before dosing. A control group acts as a comparison to rats treated with a Compound of Formula (I). The control group is administered the vehicle for the Compound of Formula (I). The volume of vehicle administered to the control group is the same as the volume of carrier and Compound of Formula (I) administered to the test group.

Acute Pain: To assess the actions of a Compound of Formula (I) for the treatment or prevention of acute pain, the rat tail flick test can be used. Rats are gently restrained by hand and the tail exposed to a focused beam of radiant heat at a point 5 cm from the tip using a tail flick unit (Model 7360, commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy). Tail flick latencies are defined as the interval between the onset of the thermal stimulus and the flick of the tail. Animals not responding within 20 seconds are removed from the tail flick unit and assigned a withdrawal latency of 20 seconds. Tail flick latencies are measured immediately before (pre-treatment) and 1, 3, and 5 hours following administration of a Compound of Formula (I). Data are expressed as tail flick latency(s) and the percentage of the maximal possible effect (% MPE), i.e., 20 seconds, is calculated as follows:

${\% \mspace{14mu} M\; P\; E} = {\frac{\begin{bmatrix} {\left( {{post}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {latency}} \right) -} \\ \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {latency}} \right) \end{bmatrix}}{\left( {20\mspace{14mu} s\mspace{11mu} {pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {latency}} \right)\;} \times 100}$

The rat tail flick test is described in D'Amour et al., “A Method for Determining Loss of Pain Sensation,” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 72:74-79 (1941).

Inflammatory Pain: To assess the actions of a Compound of Formula (I) for the treatment or prevention of inflammatory pain, the Freund's complete adjuvant (“FCA”) model of inflammatory pain was used. FCA-induced inflammation of the rat hind paw is associated with the development of persistent inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia and provides reliable prediction of the anti-hyperalgesic action of clinically useful analgesic drugs (Bartho et al., “Involvement of capsaicin-sensitive neurons in hyperalgesia and enhanced opioid antinociception in inflammation,” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacol. 342:666-670 (1990)). The right hind paw of each male, 6-week old Jcl:SD rat was administered a 50 μL intraplantar injection of 50% FCA (Sigma-Aldrich). 24 hour post-injection, the animal was assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining the PWT, as described below. Rats were then administered a single injection of 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg of either the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10, 20 mg/kg of an ibuprofen control (EMD Millipore Chemicals, Inc.), or vehicle as a control (0.5% weight/volume methylcellulose (400 cP, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan)/aqueous solution). An amount of fumaric acid (AK Scientific) comparable to that present with the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was also present in each control. Responses to noxious mechanical stimuli were then determined 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours post-administration. Percentage reversal of hyperalgesia for each animal was defined as:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {Reversal}} = {\frac{\begin{bmatrix} {\left( {{post}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) -} \\ \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) \end{bmatrix}}{\left\lbrack {\left( {{baseline}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack} \times 100}$

With the exception of the controls (i.e., ibuprofen, vehicle) where the student's t-test was used, Dunnett's test was conducted for the % reversal. In either instance, values with p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. The % reversal results for administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 and the respective controls are presented in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Inflammatory Pain Relief after Administration of the Product Prepared with Compound A155(a) and Fumaric Acid as Described in Example 10 Time after % Reversal [mean] Administration Example 10 Product Comprising Compound A155(a) lbuprofen Vehicle (hours) 0.1 mg/kg 0.3 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 10 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 2 mL/kg Pre-administration 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 31.9** 65.0** 79.4** 80.3** 102.5** 28.6^(††) −2.0 3 37.8** 60.2** 84.1** 87.9** 94.1** 41.5^(††) −2.2 5 31.3** 54.1** 78.2** 86.6** 97.3** 39.2^(††) 2.3 7 23.6** 39.4** 70.5** 97.3** 93.1** 32.5^(††) 1.1 **indicates p < 0.01 (Dunnett's test), ^(††)indicates p < 0.01 (student's t-test).

As demonstrated by the results in Table 7, assessments of the actions of the Compounds of Formula (I) revealed that these compounds were efficacious, e.g., the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 significantly reduced FCA-induced inflammation, with ED₅₀ values of from about 0.2 mg/kg to about 0.4 mg/kg and maximum % reversal values of from about 24% to about 100%. For example, the % reversal of FCA-induced inflammation after administration of a 3 mg/kg dose of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was about 80% or above, i.e., 80.3% at 1 hour after administration, 87.9% at 3 hours after administration, 86.6% at 5 hours after administration, and 97.3% at 7 hours after administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10.

Even at the minimal effective dose of 0.1 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10, the % reversal of FCA-induced inflammation was about 24% or above, i.e., 31.9% at 1 hour after administration, 37.8% at 3 hours after administration, 31.3% at 5 hours after administration, and 23.6% at 7 hours after administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10. In contrast, a 20 mg/kg dose of ibuprofen was far less effective than a 0.3 mg/kg dose of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 at each time-point tested, i.e., 28.6% versus 65.0% respectively at 1 hour after administration, 41.5% versus 60.2% respectively at 3 hours after administration, 39.2% versus 54.1% respectively at 5 hours after administration, and 32.5% versus 39.4% respectively at 7 hours after administration. In making this comparison, it should be noted that the dose of ibuprofen administered, 20 mg/kg, was over 66 times greater than the dose of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10, 0.3 mg/kg.

Osteoarthritis Pain: To assess the actions of a Compound of Formula (I) for the treatment or prevention of osteoarthritis pain, the rat monosodium iodo-acetate (MIA, i.e., sodium 2-iodoacetate) induced osteoarthritis model was used. Intra-articular injection of MIA causes joint degeneration characterized by osteolysis and swelling, with displacement of the patella, and reductions in bone mineral content and bone mineral density (Pomonis et al., “Development and pharmacological characterization of a rat model of osteoarthritis pain,” Pain 114: 339-346 (2005)). Under isoflurane anaesthesia, an intra-articular injection of 2 mg of MIA (Sigma-Aldrich) in 50 μl of saline was administered through the infrapatellar ligament of the knee joint of the right hind leg of the male, 6 week old Crl:CD(SD) rats. Control rats received an intra-articular injection of 50 μl of saline into the knee joint of the right hind leg. The left knee joint of all rats was untreated. Two weeks after MIA injection, rats were assessed for osteoarthritis pain related-behaviors immediately prior to and 1, 3, 5, 7, and 24 hours after oral drug-in-vehicle administration (for day 1) by determining their weight-bearing capabilities, via the weight bearing difference (WBD) test, and their gripping capabilites, via the grip force test, each as described below. Thus, in the assessment for osteoarthritis pain relief through gripping capability determinations, the 24 hour time point was the start of the next day when drug-in-vehicle was again orally administered (24 hours after the prior administration) for certain dosages. On days 2, 3, and 4, gripping capability response was determined 3 and 24 hours thereafter.

Additionally, 3 mg/kg of celecoxib (BioVision Inc., Milpitas, Calif.), a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor accepted for relief of inflammation and pain, in vehicle and the vehicle alone (0.5% weight/volume methylcellulose (400 cP, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)/aqueous solution) were orally administered as controls. An amount of fumaric acid comparable to that present with the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was also present in each control.

Weight Bearing Difference Test as an Assessment of Osteoarthritis Related Pain: The weight bearing difference test provides an accepted assessment of the efficacy of clinically useful analgesic drugs with respect of osteoarthritis related pain (see Pomonis et al. (2005)). WBD was assessed using a Linton Incapacitance Tester (Linton Instrumentation, Norfolk, UK). Rats were placed on the apparatus so that they were standing on their hind legs, and allowed to acclimate to the apparatus. When stationary, the weight born on each leg was measured over a 3 s period. Three readings were taken for each rat at each time point; the average of the three readings was used for data analysis. WBD was expressed as “% WR”, i.e., the percentage of weight born on the MIA-injected right hind leg, using the following formula:

${\% \mspace{11mu} {WR}} = {\frac{WR}{\left( {{WR} + {WL}} \right)} \times 100}$

where WR is the weight on the right hind leg and WL is the weight on the left (untreated) hind leg. The 50% value of % WR corresponds to an equal weight distribution across both hind legs. The “% WRR”, i.e., the percentage reversal of the % WR impediment occurring post-MIA injection, was determined for each dosage at each time point using the following formula:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {WRR}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {\% \mspace{14mu} {WR}} \right)_{{Post}\text{-}{Drug}} - \left( {\% \mspace{14mu} {WR}} \right)_{{Pre}\text{-}{Drug}}} \right\rbrack}{\left\lbrack {\left( {\% \mspace{14mu} {WR}} \right)_{{Control}\mspace{14mu} {Rat}} - \left( {\% \mspace{14mu} {WR}} \right)_{{Pre}\text{-}{Drug}}} \right\rbrack} \times 100}$

where (% WR)Post-Drug is the % WR determined at each post-oral-administration time-point for each dose of each administered substance, (% WR)_(Pre-Drug) is the % WR determined pre-oral-administration of each administered substance, and (% WR)_(Control Rat) is the % WR determined for control rats (receiving the saline injection into the right hind leg knee joint). With the exception of the controls (i.e., celecoxib, vehicle) where the student's t-test was used, Dunnett's test was conducted for the % WRR. In either instance, values with p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. The % WRR results for administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 are presented in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Osteoarthritis Pain Relief after Administration of the Product Prepared with Compound A155(a) and Fumaric Acid as Described in Example 10 as Assessed by the Weight Bearing Difference Test Time after % WRR [mean] Administration Example 10 Product Comprising Compound A155(a) Celecoxib Vehicle (hours) 0.3 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 10 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 2 mL/kg Pre-administration 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4.3 15.2 20.9** 33.3** 41.9** 10.2^(†) 3.4 3 12.5 28.8** 34.5** 44.1** 56.9** 27.8^(††) −0.2 5 7.1 16.1** 23.4** 35.0** 46.9** 14.1^(††) −2.7 7 5.0 8.8* 9.5* 22.8** 35.6** 6.0^(†) −4.4 24 0 2.1 3.7 9.8 19.8** 2.0 −1.2 *indicates p < 0.05 (Dunnett's test), **indicates p < 0.01 (Dunnett's test), ^(†)indicates p < 0.05 (student's t-test), ^(††)indicates p < 0.01 (student's t-test).

As demonstrated by the results in Table 8, assessments of the actions of the Compounds of Formula (I) revealed that these compounds were efficacious, e.g., the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 significantly reduced osteoarthritis pain, as determined by WBD, with maximum % reversal values of from about 8.8% to about 56.9%. For example, the % reversal of osteoarthritis pain after administration of a 20 mg/kg dose of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was about 20% or above, i.e., 41.9% at 1 hour after administration, 56.9% at 3 hours after administration, 46.9% at 5 hours after administration, 35.6% at 7 hours after administration, and even 19.8% at 24 hours after administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10.

Even at the minimal effective dose of 1 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10, the % WR was about 9% or above, i.e., 15.2% at 1 hour after administration, 28.8% at 3 hours after administration, 16.1% at 5 hours after administration, and 8.8% at 7 hours after administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10. In contrast, a 3 mg/kg dose of celecoxib was less effective than a 1 mg/kg dose of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 at each less-than-24 hour time-point tested, i.e., 10.2% versus 15.2% respectively at 1 hour after administration, 27.8% versus 28.8% respectively at 3 hours after administration, 14.1% versus 16.1% respectively at 5 hours after administration, and 6.0% versus 8.8% respectively at 7 hours after administration. In making this comparison, it should be noted that the dose of celecoxib administered, 3 mg/kg, was 3 times greater than the dose of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10, 1 mg/kg.

Grip Force Test as an Assessment of Osteoarthritis Related Pain: The grip force test provides an accepted assessment of the efficacy of clinically useful analgesic drugs with respect of osteoarthritis related pain (Chandran et al., “Pharmacological modulation of movement-evoked pain in a rat model of osteoarthritis,” Eur. J. Pharmacol. 613:39-45 (2009); Chu et al., “TRPV1-related modulation of spinal neuronal activity and behavior in a rat model of osteoarthritic pain,” Brain Res. 1369:158-166 (2011)). The grip force (GF) of the hind legs was assessed using a Animal Grip Strength System (San Diego Instruments, San Diego, Calif.). Rats were gently restrained and allowed to grasp the wire mesh strain gauge with their hind legs. The animals were then moved in a rostral-caudal direction until they let go of the gauge. The force (in g) at which the rat let go was recorded. Each animal was tested twice at approximately 3-10 minute intervals at each time point and the average of the two readings was used for the GF in data analysis.

Grip force, normalized to account for the weight of each animal, was expressed as “GF/B”, i.e., the ratio of GF to body weight, where GF is the grip force in grams and B is the body weight of the animal in kg. The “% GFR”, i.e., the percentage reversal of the (normalized) grip force impediment occurring post-MIA injection, was determined for each dosage at each time point using the following formula:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {GFR}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {{\left( {{GF}\text{/}B} \right){Drug}} - {\left( {{GF}\text{/}B} \right){Vehicle}}} \right\rbrack}{\left\lbrack {\left( {{GF}\text{/}B} \right)_{{Control}\mspace{14mu} {Rat}} - \left( {{GF}\text{/}B} \right)_{Vehicle}} \right\rbrack} \times 100}$

where (GF/B)_(Drug) is the GF/B determined at each post-oral-administration time-point for each dose of each substance administered to MIA-injected animals, (GF/B)_(Vehicle) is the GF/B determined at each post-oral-administration time-point for the vehicle control administered to MIA-injected animals, and (GF/B)_(Control Rat) is the GF/B determined for control rats (saline-injected animals receiving orally-administered vehicle only). With the exception of the controls (i.e., celecoxib, vehicle) where the student's t-test was used, Dunnett's test was conducted for the % GFR. In either instance, values with p <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. The % GFR results for administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 are presented in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Osteoarthritis Pain Relief after Administration of the Product Prepared with Compound A155(a) and Fumaric Acid as Described in Example 10 as Assessed by the Grip Force Test Time after % GFR [mean] Administration Example 10 Product Comprising Compound A155(a) Celecoxib Vehicle (hours) 0.3 mg/kg 1 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 10 mg/kg 20 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 2 mL/kg Pre-administration 2.2 1.0 0 −2.6 2.3 −3.7 0  1 (day 1) 12.8 29.7** 36.5** 35.9** 49.0** 22.6^(††) 1.2  3 (day 1) 21.1* 45.2** 53.6** 55.6** 65.1** 30.0^(††) 2.4  5 (day 1) 17.3* 37.6** 44.3** 45.9** 50.3** 20.9^(††) 0.8  7 (day 1) 3.7 16.5* 19.9** 22.8** 29.3** 3.6 −2.1 24 (0 hrs day 2) 4.0 3.1 −2.2 −5.7 −1.3 −3.6 −4.3  3 (day 2) 43.1** 50.5** 57.5** 2.9 24 (0 hrs day 3) 15.4** 22.0** 32.7** −4.7  3 (day 3) 38.0** 45.0** 51.6** −0.7 24 (0 hrs day 4) 26.1** 32.0** 33.4** −5.4  3 (day 4) 40.1** 45.6** 52.2** −5.5 24 (0 hrs day 5) 26.4** 28.9** 32.0** −5.7 *indicates p < 0.05 (Dunnett's test), **indicates p < 0.01 (Dunnett's test), ^(††)indicates p < 0.01 (student's t-test).

As demonstrated by the results in Table 9, one-time administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 (0.3, 1, 3, 10, or 20 mg/kg) and once daily administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) for four days showed statistically significant effects against MIA-induced osteoarthritis pain in rats. Following a single administration, the maximum analgesic effect of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 at 1 and 3 mg/kg (and 10 and 20 mg/kg) was greater than the effect of celecoxib at 3 mg/kg. Thus, Compounds of Formula (I) are effective in relieving osteoarthritis pain in vivo.

In particular, a single administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 demonstrated analgesic effects in the MIA-induced osteoarthritis pain model. Following dosing at 20 mg/kg, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 evidenced significant analgesic effects at 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours post-administration. The maximum analgesic efficacy observed with the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was 65.1% reversal achieved 3 hours after administration. Similarly, following dosing at 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 evidenced significant analgesic effects at 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours after administration. Further, even following dosing at 0.3 mg/kg, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 evidenced significant analgesic effects at 3 and 5 hours after administration. The maximum analgesic efficacy at 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was 21.1%, 45.2%, 53.6%, and 55.6% reversal, respectively, each at 3 hours post-administration. These results demonstrate that a dose-dependent significant analgesic effect was achieved.

The results of repeated administration for 4 days of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 also demonstrate a dose-dependent significant analgesic effect. On day 2 of dosing, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 demonstrated a dose-dependent significant analgesic effect at 3 hours after administration. The analgesic efficacy following dosing at 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was 43.1%, 50.5%, and 57.5% reversal, respectively. On day 3 of dosing, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 demonstrated dose-dependent significant analgesic effects with 38.0%, 45.0%, and 51.6% reversal, respectively. On day 4 of dosing, 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 demonstrated dose-dependent significant analgesic effects with 40.1%, 45.6%, and 52.2% reversal, respectively.

Moreover, these results demonstrate that there is, desirably, a lack of tolerance development with repeated administration. For example, dosing at 10 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 evidenced roughly comparable maximum analgesic efficacy 3 hours after each administration, 55.6%, 57.5%, 51.6%, and 52.2% reversal, respectively, after day 1, 2, 3, and 4 administration.

Oral single dosing of celecoxib, the positive control, also produced analgesic effects in the MIA-induced osteoarthritis pain model. Following dosing at 3 mg/kg, celecoxib showed significant analgesic effects at 1, 3, and 5 hours post-administration. However, the maximum analgesic efficacy observed with celecoxib, 30.0% reversal 3 hours after day 1 administration of the 3 mg/kg dose, was only about 66.4% and 56.0%, respectively, of the 45.2% reversal at 1 mg/kg (i.e., one third the celecoxib dose) and 53.6% reversal at 3 mg/kg, each achieved 3 hours after day 1 administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10.

Neuropathic Pain: To assess the actions of a Compound of Formula (I) for the treatment or prevention of neuropathic pain, either the Seltzer model or the Chung model can be used.

In the Seltzer model, the partial sciatic nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain was used to produce neuropathic hyperalgesia in rats (Seltzer et al., “A Novel Behavioral Model of Neuropathic Pain Disorders Produced in Rats by Partial Sciatic Nerve Injury,” Pain 43:205-218 (1990)). Partial ligation of the left sciatic nerve was performed under isoflurane/O₂ inhalation anaesthesia. Following induction of anesthesia, the left thigh of the male, 6-7 week old Jcl:SD rat was shaved. The sciatic nerve was exposed at high thigh level through a small incision and was carefully cleared of surrounding connective tissues at a site near the trocanther just distal to the point at which the posterior biceps semitendinosus nerve branches off of the common sciatic nerve. A 7-0 silk suture was inserted into the nerve with a ⅜ curved, reversed-cutting mini-needle and tightly ligated so that the dorsal ⅓ to ½ of the nerve thickness was held within the ligature. The wound was closed with a single muscle suture (4-0 nylon (Vicryl)) and vetbond tissue glue. The wound area was then dusted with antibiotic powder. Sham treatment involved an identical surgical procedure except that the sciatic nerve was not manipulated or ligated.

Following surgery, animals were weighed and placed on a warm pad until they recovered from anesthesia. Animals were then returned to their home cages until behavioral testing began. The animal was assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining PWT for the rear paw of the animal, as described below, prior to surgery (baseline), then immediately prior to and 1, 3, 5, 7, and 24 hours after oral drug-in-vehicle administration (for day 1). Thus, the 24 hour time point was the start of the next day when drug-in-vehicle was again orally administered (24 hours after the prior administration). On days 2 and 3, PWT response was determined 1, 3, and 24 hours thereafter. Percentage reversal of neuropathic hyperalgesia at each of the specified times after administration was defined as:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {Reversal}} = {\frac{\begin{bmatrix} {\left( {{post}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) -} \\ \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) \end{bmatrix}}{\left\lbrack {\left( {{baseline}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\mspace{14mu} {PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack} \times 100}$

Additionally, 10 mg/kg of pregabalin (Kemprotec, Ltd., Middlesbrough, UK), an anticonvulsant accepted for relief of particular neuropathic pain, in vehicle and the vehicle alone (0.5% weight/volume methylcellulose (400 cP, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)/aqueous solution) were orally administered as controls. An amount of fumaric acid comparable to that present with Compound A155(a) was also present in each control. Ten rats that underwent partial ligation of the left sciatic nerve were used for each treatment group. Dunnett's test was conducted for the % reversal; values with p<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. The results for administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 are provided in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Neuropathic Pain Relief after Administration of the Product Prepared with Compound A155(a) and Fumaric Acid as Described in Example 10 Time after % Reversal [mean ± SEM] Administration Example 10 Product Comprising Compound A155(a) Pregabalin Vehicle (hours) 1 mg/kg 3 mg/kg 10 mg/kg 10 mg/kg 2 mL/kg Pre-administration 0 0 0 0 0 1 (day 1) 14.60 ± 4.26  15.69 ± 4.62  32.51 ± 5.00** 24.05 ± 6.46** −0.75 ± 1.50 3 (day 1)  17.04 ± 4.91**  18.39 ± 1.67** 34.17 ± 5.60** 24.73 ± 4.12** −4.39 ± 1.80 5 (day 1) 11.39 ± 3.13*  12.22 ± 1.89** 19.59 ± 3.04** 19.97 ± 4.79** −2.98 ± 2.54 7 (day 1) 3.04 ± 4.49 7.65 ± 2.79 17.06 ± 2.95** 11.89 ± 3.16** −3.64 ± 2.99 24 (0 hrs day 2) 0.71 ± 2.46 −5.34 ± 4.20  3.38 ± 3.97  −2.84 ± 4.74  −6.84 ± 3.04 1 (day 2) 12.04 ± 4.92* 12.57 ± 2.38* 27.41 ± 4.56** 16.74 ± 4.23** −3.82 ± 1.90 3 (day 2) 12.84 ± 4.12*  17.14 ± 5.38** 29.12 ± 5.44** 23.21 ± 2.30** −4.81 ± 1.61 24 (0 hrs day 3) 4.89 ± 2.68 −3.85 ± 4.61  2.87 ± 4.62  1.70 ± 4.29  −0.58 ± 4.19 1 (day 3) 6.44 ± 6.50 11.80 ± 3.29  23.36 ± 4.69** 17.16 ± 6.64*  −2.20 ± 2.37 3 (day 3) 9.58 ± 5.23 17.34 ± 3.91* 28.91 ± 5.72** 26.56 ± 4.95**  1.32 ± 2.14 24 (0 hrs day 4) 0.51 ± 3.15 −1.95 ± 2.97  11.09 ± 3.45  −3.67 ± 2.66   1.02 ± 2.19 *indicates p < 0.05 (Dunnett's test), **indicates p < 0.01 (Dunnett's test).

Additionally, as a control the rats underwent sham surgery in which an identical surgical procedure was followed with regard to the right thigh but the sciatic nerve was neither manipulated nor ligated.

As demonstrated by the results in Table 10, once daily administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) for three days showed statistically significant effects against mechanical hyperalgesia in rats subjected to partial sciatic nerve ligation in the Seltzer model of neuropathic pain. Following either a single administration or repeated administration for 3 days, the maximum analgesic effect of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 at 10 mg/kg was greater than the effect of pregabalin at 10 mg/kg. Thus, Compounds of Formula (I) are effective in relieving neuropathic pain in vivo.

In particular, a single administration of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 demonstrated analgesic effects in the Selzer model. Following dosing at 10 mg/kg, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 evidenced significant analgesic effects at 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours post-administration. The maximum analgesic efficacy observed with the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was 34.17% reversal achieved 3 hours after administration. Similarly, following dosing at 1 and 3 mg/kg, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 evidenced significant analgesic effects at 3 and 5 hours after administration. The maximum analgesic efficacy at 1 and 3 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was 17.04% and 18.39% reversal, respectively. These results demonstrate that a dose-dependent significant analgesic effect was achieved.

The results of repeated administration for 3 days of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 also demonstrate a dose-dependent significant analgesic effect. On day 2 of dosing, the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 demonstrated a dose-dependent significant analgesic effect at 1 and 3 hours after administration. The maximum analgesic efficacy following dosing at 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 was 12.84%, 17.14%, and 29.12% reversal, respectively, each at the 3 hour time point. On day 3 of dosing, 3 and 10 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 demonstrated dose-dependent significant analgesic effects with maxima of 17.34% reversal at 3 mg/kg and 28.91% reversal at 10 mg/kg, each at the 3 hour time point.

Moreover, these results demonstrate that there is, desirably, a lack of tolerance development with repeated administration. For example, dosing at 3 mg/kg of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10 evidenced roughly comparable maximum analgesic efficacy 3 hours after each administration, 18.39%, 17.14%, and 17.34% reversal, respectively, after day 1, 2, and 3 administration.

Oral single dosing of pregabalin, the positive control, also produced analgesic effects in the Selzer model. Following dosing at 10 mg/kg, pregabalin showed significant analgesic effects at 1, 3, 5, and 7 hours post-administration. However, the maximum analgesic efficacy observed with pregabalin, 24.73% reversal 3 hours after day 1 administration of the 10 mg/kg dose, was only about 72% of the 34.17% reversal achieved 3 hours after day 1 administration of the 10 mg/kg dose of the product prepared with Compound A155(a) and fumaric acid as described in Example 10.

In the Chung model, the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain is used to produce mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia in rats. Surgery is performed under isoflurane/O₂ inhalation anaesthesia. Following induction of anaesthesia, a 3 cm incision is made and the left paraspinal muscles are separated from the spinous process at the L₄-S₂ levels. The L₆ transverse process is carefully removed with a pair of small rongeurs to identify visually the L₄-L₆ spinal nerves. The left L₅ (or L₅ and L₆) spinal nerve(s) is isolated and tightly ligated with silk thread.

A complete hemostasis is confirmed and the wound is sutured using non-absorbable sutures, such as nylon sutures or stainless steel staples. Sham-treated rats undergo an identical surgical procedure except that the spinal nerve(s) is not manipulated. Following surgery animals are weighed, administered a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of saline or ringers lactate, the wound area is dusted with antibiotic powder and they are kept on a warm pad until they recover from the anesthesia. Animals are then returned to their home cages until behavioral testing begins. The animals are assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining PWT, as described below, prior to surgery (baseline), then immediately prior to and 1, 3, and 5 hours after being administered a Compound of Formula (I) for the left rear paw of the animal. The animal can also be assessed for response to noxious thermal stimuli or for tactile allodynia, as described below. The Chung model for neuropathic pain is described in Kim, “An Experimental Model for Peripheral Neuropathy Produced by Segmental Spinal Nerve Ligation in the Rat,” Pain 50(3):355-363 (1992).

Response to Mechanical Stimuli as an Assessment of Mechanical Hyperalgesia: The paw pressure assay can be used to assess mechanical hyperalgesia. For this assay, hind paw withdrawal thresholds (PWT) to a noxious mechanical stimulus are determined using an analgesymeter (Model 37215, commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy) as described in Stein, “Unilateral Inflammation of the Hindpaw in Rats as a Model of Prolonged Noxious Stimulation: Alterations in Behavior and Nociceptive Thresholds,” Pharmacol. Biochem. and Behavior 31:451-455 (1988). The maximum weight that can be applied to the hind paw is set at 250 g and the end point is taken as complete withdrawal of the paw. PWT is determined once for each rat at each time point and either only the affected (ipsilateral) paw is tested, or both the ipsilateral and contralateral (non-injured) paw are tested.

Response to Thermal Stimuli as an Assessment of Thermal Hyperalgesia: The plantar test can be used to assess thermal hyperalgesia. For this test, hind paw withdrawal latencies to a noxious thermal stimulus are determined using a plantar test apparatus (commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy) following the technique described by Hargreaves et al., “A New and Sensitive Method for Measuring Thermal Nociception in Cutaneous Hyperalgesia,” Pain 32(1):77-88 (1988). The maximum exposure time is set at 32 seconds to avoid tissue damage and any directed paw withdrawal from the heat source is taken as the end point. Three latencies are determined at each time point and averaged. Either only the affected (ipsilateral) paw is tested, or both the ipsilateral and contralateral (non-injured) paw are tested.

Assessment of Tactile Allodynia: To assess tactile allodynia, rats are placed in clear, plexiglass compartments with a wire mesh floor and allowed to habituate for a period of at least 15 minutes. After habituation, a series of von Frey monofilaments are presented to the plantar surface of the left (operated) foot of each rat. The series of von Frey monofilaments consists of six monofilaments of increasing diameter, with the smallest diameter fiber presented first. Five trials are conducted with each filament with each trial separated by approximately 2 minutes. Each presentation lasts for a period of 4-8 seconds or until a nociceptive withdrawal behavior is observed. Flinching, paw withdrawal or licking of the paw are considered nociceptive behavioral responses.

Capsaicin-Induced Eye Wipe Test: To assess the effect of Compounds of Formula (I) on TRPV1 receptor-mediated pain, the capsaicin-induced eye wipe test is used (Gavva et al., “AMG 9810 [(E)-3-(4-t-Butylphenyl)-N-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)acrylamide], a Novel Vanilloid Receptor 1 (TRPV1) Antagonist with Antihyperalgesic Properties”, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 313:474-484 (2005)). The eye wipe test is a reliable high-throughput test of the effect of TRPV1 antagonists. Rats are given a single injection of 1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg of either a Compound of Formula (1), 30 mg/kg of a control selected from Celebrex, indomethacin, ibuprofen, or naproxen, or a vehicle. At 1, 3, or 5 hours after drug administration, 3 μL of a 100 μM capsaicin solution (in 10% EtOH/PBS) is instilled in one eye of each animal with a pipette. The number of forelimb movements (touching or wiping of the capsaicin-treated eye) are counted during a 2 minute period following instillation of capsaicin into the eye.

5.17 Example 17 In Vivo Assay of Body Temperature Increase

Hyperthermial or undesirable elevation in animal body temperature is known to be an undesirable side-effect accompanying the administration of certain TRPV1 antagonists (Gavva, “Body-temperature maintenance as the predominant function of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1,” Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 29(11):550-557 (2008)). Compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II) are capable of ameliorating the undesirable side effect of increased body temperature that can occur upon in vivo administration, as demonstrated in this example.

Test Animals: Selection of rats (Crl/SD rats, 7 weeks, male) was based on rectal body temperature measured during the morning of the day of dosing as described below. In addition, to minimize spontaneous, stress-induced increases in body temperature, rats were acclimated in advance to both the rectal measurement procedure and to being handled and dosed. All lodging and testing took place in animal care laboratories with constant room temperature and humidity. The rats were free to move and ingest food and water throughout. Each rat was coded with a colored line on the tail, housed in a separate cage, and permitted the normal range of movement. Immediately before each body temperature measurement, a rat was transferred to a measurement cage. To reduce stress which could influence its body temperature, each rat was covered with towels during the measurement. A thermistor probe was then carefully inserted into the rectum of each rat and left in place until the temperature reading on the digital display had stabilized; this value was recorded.

Assay: On the day before dosing, rectal body temperature was measured at 9:00, 10:00, 11:00, 12:30, 13:30, 14:30, and 15:30 o'clock to familiarize the rats with the measurement procedure prior to administration of the test or control treatments. The rats were also dosed by oral gavage without vehicle at 12:30 o'clock to acclimate and familiarize them with the handling and dosing procedure.

On the day of dosing, only rats with rectal body temperatures within the range of from 37.0° C. to 37.7° C. were selected for study. Rectal body temperatures were measured at 9:00, 10:00, and 11:00 o'clock. Rats were excluded from the study if either their rectal body temperature was over 37.9° C. at 10:00 o'clock or was outside the range of from 37.0° C. to 37.7° C. at 11:00 o'clock. The selected rats were divided into several groups based on their rectal body temperatures at 11:00 o'clock. Rectal body temperatures of the selected rats were measured again at 12:30 o'clock and any rat with a rectal body temperature of 38.0° C. or greater was also excluded from the study.

Following assignment to either a test or control group, a test compound or a control was administered to the rats. Each test compound was dissolved in a vehicle of 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose solution and the final concentration of the test compound was adjusted to 1 mg/mL. Each test compound was orally administered once at a dose of 10 mL/kg. The same volume of the control (vehicle only) was administered once to the control group. Rectal body temperatures were measured at the following time points: 0.5, 1, and 2 hrs after administration.

The body temperature increase (ΔTb) for each test compound was calculated by subtracting, at each time point, the average temperature of the control group from the average temperature of the group administered that test compound. The greatest ATb obtained for each test compound at any of the time points is shown in Table 11 below, along with the ATb of the control.

TABLE 11 Body Temperature Increase Compound ΔTb (° C.) Structure Control 0.0 — A122(a) 0.4 A125(b) 0.1 A126(a) 0.2 A155(a) 0.2 A155(d) 0.1 A155(e) 0.1 A158(a) 0.4 B158(j) 0.1 C4(r) 0.3 C125(r) 0.3 C126(r) 0.4 C170(r) 0.2 AA 0.8

AB 0.6

AC 0.7

AD 0.6

AE 0.5

BA 0.9

BB 0.5

BC 0.7

DA 0.9

DB 1.1

DC 1.0

DD 1.0

DE 1.3

DF 0.5

DG 1.0

DH 0.9

DI 0.8

DJ 0.9

DK 0.7

DL 0.9

DM 0.9

DN 0.8

DO 1.1

DP 1.2

As demonstrated by the data above, Compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II) are capable of ameliorating the undesirable side effect of an increase in body temperature that can occur upon in vivo administration of a compound which modulates the TRPV1 receptor. For example, the body temperature increase after administration of Compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II) is less than 0.7° C. in one embodiment, 0.6° C. or less in another embodiment, less than 0.6° C. in another embodiment, 0.5° C. or less in another embodiment, less than 0.5° C. in another embodiment, 0.4° C. or less in another embodiment, less than 0.4° C. in another embodiment, 0.3° C. or less in another embodiment, less than 0.3° C. in another embodiment, or 0.2° C. or less in another embodiment.

In particular, the body temperature increase after administration of Compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II) was determined to be less than 0.5° C., in some cases much less than 0.5° C., e.g., 0.1° C. for Compounds A125(b), A155(d), A155(e), and B158(j); 0.2° C. for Compounds A126(a), A155(a), and C170(r); and 0.3° C. for Compounds C4(r) and C125(r). In addition, Compounds of Formulae (I) and/or (II), e.g., Compound A155(a), showed a significant separation between doses effective in pain models and doses at which an increase in body temperature was observed in both rats and monkeys. Doses that increased body temperature were more than 100 times greater than the ED₈₀ in the FCA model of inflammatory pain some instances.

In contrast, the body temperature increase after administration of other compounds was determined to be greater than 0.5° C., in some cases much greater than 0.5° C., e.g., 0.8° C. for Compounds DI, DN, and AA; 0.9° C. for Compounds DA, DH, DJ, DL, DM, and BA; 1.0° C. for Compounds DC, DD, and DG; 1.1° C. for Compounds DB and DO; 1.2° C. for Compound DP; and 1.3° C. for Compound DE; in some instances, these compounds induced hyperthermia at doses that were less than those necessary for efficacy in pain models, showing a lack of separation between efficacy and the side effect of hyperthermia.

The invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments disclosed in the examples that are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the invention and any embodiments that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. A number of references have been cited, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. 

1. A compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein: R₁ is -halo or —CF₃; R₄ is —H or —CH₃; each R₈ and R₉ is independently —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OR₁₀; R₁₀ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl; each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; and m is the integer 0 or 1; (1) provided that if R₄ is —H then m is 1; (2) provided that if R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group, a (S)-3-methyl group, or a (R)-3-methyl group; (3) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, and R₉ is -halo, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (R)-3-methyl group; (4) if R₄ is —H, the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —F, and R₉ is —F, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group or a (S)-3-methyl group; and (5) if R₄ is —CH₃, the carbon atoms at the a and c positions of the a-b bond and the c-d bond are each in the (S) configuration, R₈ is —H, R₉ is -halo, and m is 1, then the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-3-methyl group or a (R)-3-methyl group.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein R₁ is —F, —Cl, or —CF₃.
 4. The compound of claim 3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein R₁ is —F. 5.-6. (canceled)
 7. The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein R₉ is —H, —F, —Cl, —Br, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃.
 8. The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃. 9.-14. (canceled)
 15. The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein m is 1 and the methyl group bonded to the piperazine ring is a (S)-2-methyl group.
 16. The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the co-crystal, or the combination thereof is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a hydrochlorate co-crystal, a tartrate co-crystal, a benzenesulfonate co-crystal, ap-toluenesulfonate co-crystal, or a fumarate co-crystal.
 17. The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the co-crystal, or the combination thereof is a hydrochloride salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, ap-toluenesulfonic acid salt, a fumaric acid-salt, or a fumarate co-crystal.
 18. The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable salt, the co-crystal, or the combination thereof is a fumaric acid-salt, a fumarate co-crystal, or a combination thereof. 19.-21. (canceled)
 22. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
 23. A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, urinary incontinence, an ulcer, inflammatory-bowel disease, or irritable-bowel syndrome in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof, an effective amount of the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof.
 24. A method of inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount of the compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof. 25.-28. (canceled)
 29. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is a compound of formula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein: R₈ is —H, —F, or —CH₃; and R₉ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CF₃, —OCH₃, —OCF₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₃, or —C(O)OCH₂CH₃. 30.-32. (canceled)
 33. The compound of claim 29 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein R₄ is —H and the carbon atom at the a position of the a-b bond is in the (S) configuration. 34.-35. (canceled)
 36. The compound of claim 29 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein R₉ is —H.
 37. The compound of claim 29 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein R₈ is —F. 38.-52. (canceled)
 53. The compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof, wherein said compound is

54.-78. (canceled)
 79. A co-crystal of (a) a compound which is

and (b) fumaric acid, wherein said co-crystal is characterized by a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 171.5±0.2 ppm, 170.3±0.2 ppm, and 135.6±0.2 ppm when measured by the CP/MAS ¹³C NMR procedure described in Example
 10. 80. The co-crystal of claim 79, wherein said co-crystal is characterized by a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum further comprising a peak with a chemical shift of 72.2±0.2 ppm when measured by the CP/MAS ¹³C NMR procedure described in Example
 10. 81. The co-crystal of claim 79, wherein said co-crystal is characterized by a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum further comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 72.2±0.2 ppm and 15.1±0.2 ppm when measured by the CP/MAS ¹³C NMR procedure described in Example
 10. 82. The co-crystal of claim 79, wherein the molar ratio of the compound to fumaric acid is from about 1.0:0.4 to about 1.0:0.7.
 83. A co-crystal of (a) a compound which is

and (b) fumaric acid, wherein said co-crystal is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak at each of 6.5, 12.5, 16.8, and 25.3 degrees 2θ±0.2° when measured using CuKα radiation.
 84. The co-crystal of claim 83, wherein said co-crystal is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 8.6, 14.0, and 18.7 degrees 2θ±0.20 when measured using CuKα radiation.
 85. The co-crystal of claim 83, wherein said co-crystal is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising at least one peak at 8.6, 14.0, 18.7, 20.4, 21.3, 22.0, 23.2, or 38.5 degrees 2θ±0.20 when measured using CuKα radiation.
 86. The co-crystal of claim 83, wherein the molar ratio of the compound to fumaric acid is from about 1.0:0.4 to about 1.0:0.7.
 87. A product obtained from a process comprising a step of combining a compound of formula

with fumaric acid, wherein said product is characterized by a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 171.5±0.2 ppm, 170.3+0.2 ppm, and 135.6+0.2 ppm when measured by the CP/MAS ¹³C NMR procedure described in Example
 10. 88. The product of claim 87, wherein said product is characterized by a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum further comprising a peak with a chemical shift of 72.2+0.2 ppm when measured by the CP/MAS ¹³C NMR procedure described in Example
 10. 89. The product of claim 87, wherein said product is characterized by a CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectrum further comprising peaks with a chemical shift of 72.2±0.2 ppm and 15.1+0.2 ppm when measured by the CP/MAS ¹³C NMR procedure described in Example
 10. 90. The product of claim 87, wherein the molar ratio of the compound to fumaric acid is about 1.0:0.5.
 91. A product obtained from a process comprising a step of combining a compound of formula

with fumaric acid, wherein said product is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak at each of 6.5, 12.5, 16.8, and 25.3 degrees 28±0.2° when measured using CuKα radiation.
 92. The product of claim 91, wherein said product is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at 8.6, 14.0, and 18.7 degrees 2θ+0.2° when measured using CuKα radiation.
 93. The product of claim 91, wherein said product is characterized by an x-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising at least one peak at 8.6, 14.0, 18.7, 20.4, 21.3, 22.0, 23.2, or 38.5 degrees 2θ+0.2° when measured using CuKα radiation.
 94. The product of claim 91, wherein the molar ratio of the compound to fumaric acid is about 1.0:0.5.
 95. A method for treating pain, pain associated with osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, urinary incontinence, an ulcer, inflammatory-bowel disease, or irritable-bowel syndrome in an animal, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof.
 96. A method of inhibiting TRPV1 function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing TRPV1 with an effective amount a compound of formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a co-crystal, or a combination thereof. 